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Page "Pirate decryption" ¶ 42
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packet and size
In states where a quantum mechanical particle is bound, it must be localized as a wave packet, and the existence of the packet and its minimum size implies a spread and minimal value in particle wavelength, and thus also momentum and energy.
The MBS will normally be the packet ( SAR-SDU ) size for the VBR VC in cells.
Although IPv6 packet headers are at least twice the size of IPv4 packet headers, packet processing by routers is generally more efficient, thereby extending the end-to-end principle of Internet design.
Options are implemented as additional extension headers after the IPv6 header, which limits their size only by the size of an entire packet.
As such, since the IP packet size is limited in general, XCAST cannot be used for multicast groups of large number of destinations.
Note: the MTUs in this section are given as the maximum size of IP packet that can be transmitted without fragmentation-including IP headers but excluding headers from lower levels in the protocol stack.
Example options include: specifying the packet size used as the probe, automatic repeated operation for sending a specified count of probes, and time stamping.
** Policing ( marking / dropping the packet in excess of the committed traffic rate and burst size )
Interestingly, Davies had chosen some of the same parameters for his original network design as Baran, such as a packet size of 1024 bits.
Thus, the ARP packet size in this case is 28 bytes.
If the size of the transferred file is an exact multiple of the block-size, the source sends a final DATA packet containing 0 bytes of data.
Certain efficiencies were gained by careful design, for example, the memory page size, network packet, and disk sector were all 1K byte in size.
Males will attempt copulation with members of their own species regardless of sex or size, however interactions between males are most often shorter in duration and end with the mounting octopus withdrawing the hectocotylus without packet insertion or struggle.
It carries information about packet size, channel, and its number in sequence.
* Mars Miniatures, 5 fun size bars in the same packet
While it is possible to fit more entries into a packet of this size when using " label compression ", 13 was chosen as a reliable limit.
* finer grained packet size of 2K versus 64K
If the answer is too large to fit into a single UDP packet, the packet will be marked as " overflown " and the UA is free to send the query directly to the SA using TCP, which can transmit packets of any size.
Examples for cases where block size is relevant include data recovery from a hard disk, in which case the most bytes will be recovered by using a small block size ; for the greatest speed a large block size is chosen according to ( a point of diminishing returns concerning ) the system it runs on ; if the transfer uses a network, depending on interface used and protocol, packet sizes on the network may depend on's block size.

packet and tables
Routers can have prebuilt lookup tables that tell them which kind of operation to do based on the topmost label of the incoming packet so they can process the packet very quickly.
The gateway is also associated with both a router, which uses headers and forwarding tables to determine where packets are sent, and a switch, which provides the actual path for the packet in and out of the gateway.
They admit their algorithm is slow ( O ( N2 )) and with only 3. 3 million packet hashes being stored the approximate time before the digest tables are invalid is 1 minute.

packet and control
By the early 1990s, packet radio was not only recognized as a way to send text, but also to send files ( including small computer programs ), handle repetitive transmissions, control remote systems, etc.
Since radio circuits inherently possess a broadcast network topology ( i. e., many or all nodes are connected to the network simultaneously ), one of the first technical challenges faced in the implementation of packet radio networks was a means to control access to a shared communications channel.
The use of Wake-on-LAN technology on enterprise networks can sometimes conflict with network access control solutions such as 802. 1x or MAC-based authentication, which may prevent magic packet delivery if a machine's WoL hardware has not been designed to maintain a live authentication session while in a sleep state.
A packet consists of two kinds of data: control information and user data ( also known as payload ).
Typically, control information is found in packet headers and trailers, with payload data in between.
The B channels are used for voice or user data, and the D channel is used for any combination of data, control / signalling, and X. 25 packet networking.
The network layer is responsible for packet forwarding including routing through intermediate routers, whereas the data link layer is responsible for media access control, flow control and error checking.
Cut-through switching commonly called " Virtual Cut-through ," operates in a similar manner, the major difference being that cut-through flow control allocates buffers and channel bandwidth on a packet level, while wormhole flow control does this on the flit level.
An LLC sublayer was a key component in early packet switching networks such as X. 25 networks with the LAPB data link layer protocol, where flow control and error management were carried out in a node-to-node fashion, meaning that if an error was detected in a frame, the frame was retransmitted from one switch to next instead.
For example, while HDLC specifies both MAC functions ( framing of packets ) and LLC functions ( protocol multiplexing, flow control, detection, and error control through a retransmission of dropped packets when indicated ), some protocols such as Cisco HDLC can use HDLC-like packet framing and their own LLC protocol.
** Error control ( automatic repeat request, ARQ ), in addition to ARQ provided by some transport-layer protocols, to forward error correction ( FEC ) techniques provided on the physical layer, and to error-detection and packet canceling provided at all layers, including the network layer.
* Encapsulation: The bundling of the control data in the packet's header and then removing the header ( and / or footer ) of the packet at the far end, restoring the data to be the same as the original.
For this the admission control and policy control process the request parameters and can either instruct the packet classifier to correctly handle the selected subset of data packets or negotiate with the upper layer how the packet handling should be performed.
* Connect via frame relay or IP to the packet control unit using the Gb protocol stack
The packet control unit ( PCU ) is a late addition to the GSM standard.
Basically this uses a probabilistic routing table rewarding / reinforcing the route successfully traversed by each " ant " ( a small control packet ) which flood the network.
* Sliding window calculations for packet acknowledgement and congestion control.
Also, multiple RouteReply packets in response to a single RouteRequest packet can lead to heavy control overhead.

packet and information
AGP also uses sideband addressing, meaning that the address and data buses are separated so the entire packet does not need to be read to get addressing information.
This packet includes the lease duration and any other configuration information that the client might have requested.
HTTPS is especially important over unencrypted networks such as WiFi as anyone on the same local network can do packet sniffing and discover sensitive information.
Like those earlier modes, packet was intended as a way to reliably transmit written information.
The receiver has to detect this and, just as if the packet was dropped, may ask for this information to be retransmitted.
When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the router reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination.
Then, using information in its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey.
It routes it to the correct network type using information that the packet header contains.
A router is considered a Layer 3 device because its primary forwarding decision is based on the information in the Layer 3 IP packet, specifically the destination IP address.
A router does not look into the actual data contents that the packet carries, but only at the layer 3 addresses to make a forwarding decision, plus optionally other information in the header for hints on, for example, QoS.
Once a packet is forwarded, the router does not retain any historical information about the packet, but the forwarding action can be collected into the statistical data, if so configured.
Real-time multimedia streaming applications require timely delivery of information and can tolerate some packet loss to achieve this goal.
It was designed as a replacement for Telnet and other insecure remote shell protocols such as the Berkeley rsh and rexec protocols, which send information, notably passwords, in plaintext, rendering them susceptible to interception and disclosure using packet analysis.
A TCP segment is " the packet of information that TCP uses to exchange data with its peers.
Wiretaps were expanded to include addressing and routing information to allow surveillance of packet switched networks
In packet switching networks, CL-mode or connectionless communication is a data transmission method in which each data packet carries information in a header record that contains a destination address sufficient to permit the independent delivery of the packet to its destination via the network.
By establishing a connection at the beginning of such a data exchange the components ( routers, bridges ) along the network path would be able to pre-compute ( and hence cache ) routing-related information, avoiding re-computation for every packet.
For example, it might add a port number to identify the application, a network address to help with routing, a code to identify the type of data in the packet and error-checking information.
* Less overhead is required, since the packets are not routed individually and complete addressing information is not provided in the header of each data packet.
This allows the receiver to recognize when the second packet of information is being sent.
In case of traffic fees ( as opposed to flat rate ), for example in cellular communication services, circuit switching is characterized by a fee per time unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching is characterized by a fee per unit of information.

0.548 seconds.