The theory of Chinese origins of Bactrian cupronickel was suggested in 1868 by Flight, who found that the coins considered the oldest cupronickel coins yet discovered were of a very similar alloy to Chinese paktong.

Most likely, modern paktong was unknown to Chinese of the day – but the naturally occurring Yunnan ore cupronickel alloy was likely a valuable internal trade commodity.

In attempting to rediscover the secret of white-copper, Watson critiqued Jean-Baptiste Du Halde's History of China ( 1688 ) as confusing the term paktong, He noted the Chinese of his day did not form it as an alloy, but smelted readily available unprocessed ore:

The name " German silver " refers to its development by 19th-century German metalworkers in imitation of the Chinese alloy known as paktong ( Cupronickel ) All modern, commercially important nickel silvers ( such as those standardized under ASTM B122 ) contain significant amounts of zinc, and are sometimes considered a subset of brass.

Guesswork ended when James Dinwiddie of the Macartney Embassy of 1793 brought back, at considerable personal risk ( smuggling of paktong ore was a capital crime by the Chinese Emperor ) some of the ore from which paktong was made.

It became known in the west from imported wares called bai-tong or paktong ( 白銅, literally " white copper "), for which the silvery metal colour was used to imitate sterling silver.

Efforts to duplicate exactly the Chinese paktong failed in Europe due to a general lack of requisite complex cobalt-nickel-arsenic naturally occurring ore.

In 1973, Cheng and Schwitter in their new analyses argued the Bactrian alloys ( copper, lead, iron, nickel and cobalt ) were closely similar to Chinese paktong, and of nine known Asian nickel deposits, only those in China could provide the identical chemical content ratios.

The late Ming and Ching literature has very little information about paktong.

Bobbie had been head of the alloy division, while John was just another good salesman in the regular branch.

Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was the first alloy discovered, during the prehistoric period now known as the bronze age ; it was harder than pure copper and originally used to make tools and weapons, but was later superseded by metals and alloys with better properties.

As no metallurgic processes were used to separate iron from nickel, the alloy was used as it was.

Pig iron, a very hard but brittle alloy of iron and carbon, was being produced in China as early as 1200 BC, but did not arrive in Europe until the Middle Ages.

However, very small amounts of steel, ( an alloy of iron and around 1 % carbon ), was always a byproduct of the bloomery process.

This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous.

The alloy was named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine.

Although forms of brass have been in use since prehistory, its true nature as a copper-zinc alloy was not understood until the post medieval period because the zinc vapor which reacted with copper to make brass was not recognised as a metal.

Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the alloying process itself could more easily be controlled ( as tin was available as a metal ) and the alloy was stronger and easier to cast.

In the twentieth century, silicon was introduced as the primary alloying element, creating an alloy with wide application in industry and the major form used in contemporary statuary.

This alloy was created by accident and never duplicated, although efforts to reverse-engineer it resulted in the discovery of adamantium.

The new design consisted of an oval piece of metal ( ideally steel, but in most cases aluminium alloy was used ), roughly 40 by 50 milimetres.

In a well-known but probably apocryphal tale, Archimedes was given the task of determining whether King Hiero's goldsmith was embezzling gold during the manufacture of a golden wreath dedicated to the gods and replacing it with another, cheaper alloy.

Fitted with tapered conical hubs, special motocross forks and large alloy fuel tanks, a Cheney Triumph was first used in the 1968 British Trophy Team.

The image in a daguerreotype is often described as being formed by the amalgam, or alloy, of mercury and silver because mercury vapor from a pool of heated mercury is used to develop the plate ; but using the Becquerel process ( using a red filter and two-and-a-half stops extra exposure ) daguerreotypes can be produced without mercury, and chemical analysis shows that there is no mercury in the final image with the Bequerel process.

The depleted uranium alloy of the M1 has been described as " arranged in a type of armour matrix " and a single module as a " stainless-steel shell surrounding a layer ( probably an inch or two thick ) of depleted uranium, woven into a wire-mesh blanket ".

For example, a gold alloy of fineness ( that is, 99. 2 % purity ) could have been described as being 23-carat, 3-grain, 1-quart gold.

According to Hyundai's " Coupe F2 Tyre Supplement Handbook ", ( supplied with each new Coupe F2 ), these wheels were described as " Motorsport-style alloy wheels ".

The " 2618 " performance piston alloy has less than 2 % silicon, and could be described as hypo ( under ) eutectic.

Also, owing to its antimicrobial / algaecidal properties that prevent biofouling, in conjunction with its strong structural and corrosion-resistant benefits for marine environments, brass alloy netting cages are currently being deployed in commercial-scale aquaculture operations in Asia, South America, and the USA.

Bronze has several characteristics that made it preferable as a construction material: although it is relatively expensive, does not always alloy well, and can result in a final product that is " spongy about the bore ", bronze is more flexible than iron and therefore less prone to bursting when exposed to high pressure ; cast iron cannon are less expensive and more durable generally than bronze and withstand being fired more times without deteriorating.

Most arms are made from some kind of alloy ( the cheapest being aluminium ), but some manufacturers use balsa wood, while others use carbon fiber or graphite.

Steel is an alloy made by combining iron and other elements, the most common of these being carbon.

This had the advantage of making the alloy solidify more slowly, so that it could be wiped over the joint to ensure watertightness, the pipes being physically fitted together before soldering.

* It is most known for being used in the construction of Captain America's Shield, the vibranium was of an ultra-resilient vibranium-iron alloy created by Dr. Myron MacLain.

NiMH use positive electrodes of nickel oxyhydroxide ( NiOOH ), like the NiCd, but the negative electrodes use a hydrogen-absorbing alloy instead of cadmium, being in essence a practical application of nickel – hydrogen battery chemistry.

Arrows used with compound bows do not differ significantly from arrows used with recurve bows, being typically either aluminium alloy, carbon fibre, or often a composite of the two materials.

The 90 % copper / 10 % nickel alloy is remarkable by its resistance to corrosion and is used in various parts being exposed to seawater.

A pusher shell made out of low density metal — such as aluminum, beryllium, or an alloy of the two metals ( aluminum being easier and safer to shape, and is two orders of magnitude cheaper ; beryllium for its high-neutron-reflective capability ) — may be needed.

Although it attempts to reform itself, it stumbles and falls backwards into a vat of molten steel, and the T-1000, unable to stand the high temperature of the steel corrupting its alloy and design, screams before finally being dissolved away into the molten steel.

Some physical indicators consist of an alloy designed to melt only after being subjected to a given temperature for the relevant holding time.

) These Cockles ranged from the Mk 1 early frame-and fabric ' folbot ' type to the four man boats made of aluminum alloy ; most were ' collapsible ' rather than being boats that could be completely disassembled, as with modern day folding boats.

The Andean alloy tumbaga fits the same description, being a gold / copper alloy.

Other changes to the 2009 model year car now being launched include: three new types of alloy wheels ( 17, 18 and 19 inch ), a slightly modified radiator grille, three new exterior colours, the new leather colour, the new wood trims, white switch illumination instead of red, accent and switch trim in the new " Warm gray " colour, an upgraded car key, makeup mirror in the rear on the LWB version, dampers optimised for low-friction, Carbon fibre-reinforced Silicon Carbide ( C / SiC ) ceramic composite brakes ( front ) on the Phaeton W12, as well as a rearview camera ( Rear Assist ) and blind spot warning system Side Assist.

Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U. K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper-zinc alloy handrails will be installed in some 30 stations between 2011 and 2014.

Moving iron and induced magnet types ( ADC being a well known example ) have a moving piece of iron or other ferrous alloy is coupled to the cantilever ( instead of a magnet ), while a permanent, bigger magnet is over the coils, providing the necessary magnetic flux.

Some aluminum alloy rivets are too hard to buck and must be softened by annealing prior to being bucked.

This high performance is a combination of the cooled air being denser and hence requiring less compression, but more importantly, of the low air temperatures permitting lighter alloy to be used in much of the engine.