The pandemic strain of HIV-1 is closely related to a virus found in the chimpanzees of the subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes, which lives in the forests of the Central African nations of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo ( or Congo-Brazzaville ), and Central African Republic.

The pandemic HIV-1 group M is most closely related to the SIVcpz collected from the southeastern rain forests of Cameroon ( modern East Province ) near the Sangha River.

The final pandemic originated in 1961 in Indonesia and is marked by the emergence of a new strain, nicknamed El Tor, which still persists today in developing countries.

The strain of Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that killed up to 50 million people during the Spanish flu pandemic in 1918 was reconstructed in 2005.

The 2009 flu pandemic involved another strain of Influenza A H1N1, commonly known as " swine flu ".

reported that monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ) infected with the recreated strain exhibited classic symptoms of the 1918 pandemic, and died from a cytokine storm — an overreaction of the immune system.

In June 2010, a team at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine reported the 2009 flu pandemic vaccine provided some cross-protection against the 1918 flu pandemic strain.

Also known as V. cholera biotype eltor, it has been the dominant strain in the seventh global pandemic.

The earlier trees were raised in response to the initial Dutch elm disease pandemic that afflicted Europe after the First World War, and were to prove vulnerable to the much more virulent strain of the disease that arrived in the late 1960s.

A genetic study of the bacterium causing bubonic plague, based on samples taken from skeletal remains of 14th-century plague victims in London and a survey of other samples, suggests that the Plague of Justinian ( and others from antiquity ) arose from either now-extinct strains of Yersinia pestis, genetically distinct from the strain that broke out in the 14th century pandemic, or from pathogens entirely unrelated to bubonic plague.

Research has shown that a highly contagious strain of H5N1, one that might allow airborne transmission between mammals, can be reached in only a few mutations, raising the spectre of a pandemic epidemy in the human population.

H5N1 may cause more than one influenza pandemic, as it is expected to continue mutating in birds regardless of whether humans develop herd immunity to a future pandemic strain.

* H5N1, (" bird flu "), which is noted for having a strain ( Asian-lineage HPAI H5N1 ) that kills over half the humans it infects, infecting and killing species that were never known to suffer from influenza viruses before ( e. g. cats ), being unable to be stopped by culling all involved poultry-some think due to being endemic in wild birds, and causing billions of dollars to be spent in flu pandemic preparation and preventiveness

A previously uncontagious strain may then be able to pass between humans, one of several possible paths to a pandemic.

There are several H5N1 vaccines for several of the avian H5N1 varieties, but the continual mutation of H5N1 renders them of limited use to date: while vaccines can sometimes provide cross-protection against related flu strains, the best protection would be from a vaccine specifically produced for any future pandemic flu virus strain.

Vaccine manufacturing companies are being encouraged to increase capacity so that if a pandemic vaccine is needed, facilities will be available for rapid production of large amounts of a vaccine specific to a new pandemic strain.

While no one knows if zanamivir will be useful or not on a yet to exist pandemic strain of H5N1, it might be useful to stockpile zanamivir as well as oseltamivir in the event of an H5N1 influenza pandemic.

The H1N1 strain used in these compositions is the same strain used in the 2009 flu pandemic vaccine, now known as A ( H1N1 ) pdm09.

The H1N1 form of swine flu is one of the descendants of the strain that caused the 1918 flu pandemic.

This led to the emergence of a new human H1N1 strain, which caused the 2009 pandemic.

The difference between the influenza mortality age-distributions of the 1918 epidemic and normal epidemics – deaths per 100, 000 persons in each age group, United States, for the interpandemic years 1911 – 1917 ( dashed line ) and the pandemic year 1918 ( solid line )

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power ( ACT UP ) is an international direct action advocacy group working to impact the lives of people with AIDS ( PWAs ) and the AIDS pandemic to bring about legislation, medical research and treatment and policies to ultimately bring an end to the disease by mitigating loss of health and lives.

* AIDS activists groups, Act Up-Paris lobby group and the African Essential Drug Network ( RAME ), call on drugs manufacturing company Roche Holding AG to allow generic companies to make the antiviral drug Tamiflu for Africans, as concerns mount over how countries would deal with a potential flu pandemic stemming from bird flu virus H5N1.

This second trip was not very successful and he was called back to Helsinki to attend to victims of the Second cholera pandemic.

A pandemic can be defined as " An epidemic occurring worldwide or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people.

An early advocate for proper compensation of Hep-C victims and an effective critic of Canada's restrictive Drug patent laws, he was also instrumental in pushing his own Government to do more to address the African Aids pandemic by relaxing those very laws.

The emergence of a pandemic of such virulence and infectiousness that very few humans survive the disease is a credible scenario.

The 1664 – 1666 epidemic was on a far smaller scale than the earlier " Black Death " pandemic ; it was remembered afterwards as the " great " plague only because it was the last widespread outbreak of bubonic plague in England during the four-hundred-year timespan of the Second Pandemic.

Their ability to spread efficiently enough to cause a pandemic is limited, however, as transmission of these viruses requires close contact with the infected vector, and the vector only has a short time before death or serious illness.

During their imprisonment, Farrell theorizes that there is no worldwide pandemic, and that only Great Britain has been quarantined, which is proved when a plane flies over, possibly a NATO plane scouting the land.

Therefore, an HIV vaccine is generally considered as the most likely, and perhaps the only way by which the AIDS pandemic can be halted.

At the end of the plague pandemic that struck the community in 1610, only 26 families were left.

By the end of pandemic, only one major region on the entire planet had not reported an outbreak: an isolated island called Marajo, located in Brazil's Amazon River Delta.

The duration of the pandemic and the war could have also played a role: the disease would usually only affect a certain area for a month before leaving, while the war, which most expected to end quickly, had lasted for four years by the time the pandemic struck.

The Heralds were a rarity in 1918 ; while most teams either stopped play or reduced their schedules to only local teams because of World War I and the flu pandemic, the Heralds continued to play a full schedule and even travel to other cities, accruing a 6-2 record with both losses coming to the Ohio League champion Dayton Triangles.

While the virus is currently mainly animal-human transmissible ( with only two well documented cases of human-human have been to the present known of to scientists ), experts expect an avian flu pandemic that would affect the region should the virus morph to be human-human transmissible.

" Blakemore suggests that it would be necessary to perform research on great apes if humans were threatened by a pandemic virus that afflicted only humans and other great apes.

Of possible extinction events, only a pandemic is selective enough to eliminate humanity while leaving the rest of complex life on earth relatively unscathed.

Bevil served as gunner in World War I, and survived without injury only to die in the Spanish flu pandemic in 1919.

Since its opening, the show has only been cancelled twice, in 1919 throughout the time of the Spanish flu pandemic, during this time, the grounds were employed as temporary hospital wards for the sick, and in 1942, due to World War II.

Blakemore, while stressing he saw no " immediate need " to lift the ban, argued " that under certain circumstances, such as the emergence of a lethal pandemic virus that only affected the great apes, including man, then experiments on chimps, orang-utans and even gorillas may become necessary.