The commentary itself was written during the papacy of Pope Damasus I, that is, between 366 and 384, and is considered an important document of the Latin text of Paul before the Vulgate of Jerome, and of the interpretation of Paul prior to Augustine of Hippo.

" Some scholars have even characterized the Liber Pontificalis, like the works of Pseudo-Isidore and the Donation of Constantine, as a tool used by the medieval papacy to represent itself " as a primitive institution of the church, clothed with absolute and perpetual authority.

All the accusations with regard to Gregory that Candidus could come up with were well received by the assembly, which committed itself to the resolution that Gregory had forfeited the papacy.

Instead the papacy confined itself ( see Prisoner in the Vatican ) to the Apostolic Palace and adjacent buildings in the loop of the ancient fortifications known as the Leonine City, on Vatican Hill.

It has been used, for example, as a general reference to the papacy itself in the same way the term " White House " is used to describe the United States Presidential administration generally, rather than the physical building itself.

The powers that the Gregorian papacy gathered to itself were summed up in a list called Dictatus papae about 1075 or somewhat later.

However, as a sign of the need for greater simplification of the papal rites, as well as the changing nature of the papacy itself, he abandoned the use of his tiara in a dramatic ceremony in Saint Peter's Basilica during the second session of Vatican II in November 1963.

John Paul II did not reveal this cardinal's identity prior to his death, or in the 15-page testament he wrote during his papacy and which was released after his death.

It took a generation for the council to materialize, partly because of papal reluctance, given that a Lutheran demand was the exclusion of the papacy from the Council, and partly because of ongoing political rivalries between France and Germany and the Turkish dangers in the Mediterranean.

The Avignon Papacy occurring several centuries after the Concordat indicated there was continued interference in the papacy by kings.

Alexander VI staked the hopes of the Borgia family in Cesare's brother Giovanni, who was made captain general of the military forces of the papacy.

Thereupon the commission by Gregory XII authorizing his proxy to resign the Papacy on his behalf was read and Malatesta, acting in the name of Gregory XII, pronounced the resignation of the papacy by Gregory XII and handed a written copy of the resignation to the assembly.

Since there was no longer the countervailing power of the papacy and since the Church of England was a creature of the state and had become subservient to it, this meant that there was nothing to regulate the powers of the king, and he became an absolute power.

Guido, as he was called before his elevation to the papacy, was the son of William I, Count of Burgundy.

Because of his close connection with the great royal families of Germany, France, England and Denmark, Callistus ' papacy was received with much anticipation and celebration throughout Europe.

His control over the papacy was definitely abated.

He returned to work for the Florentine government in 1365, undertaking a mission to Pope Urban V. When the papacy returned to Rome from Avignon in 1367, Boccaccio was again sent to Urban, offering congratulations.

The papacy was moved to Avignon and all the contemporary popes were French, such as Philip IV's puppet Bertrand de Goth, Pope Clement V.

In the final phase of his life in the years before his death in 1384 he increasingly argued for Scriptures as the authoritative centre of Christianity, that the claims of the papacy were unhistorical, that monasticism was irredeemably corrupt, and that the moral unworthiness of priests invalidated their office and sacraments.

The bitterness occasioned by this advice will be better understood when it is remembered that at that time the papacy was at war with the Florentines and was in dire straits.

If in his last years he identified the papacy with antichristianity, the dispensability of this papacy was strong in his mind before the schism.

So far as his polemics accord with those of earlier antagonists of the papacy, it is fair to assume that he was not ignorant of them and was influenced by them.

John forced the Canterbury chapter to change their support to John de Gray, and a messenger was sent to Rome to inform the papacy of the new decision.

The relationship between France and the papacy was at its peak in the 12th and 13th centuries, and most of the crusades were actually called by the popes from French soil.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, barbarian tribes were converted to Arian Christianity or Catholicism ; Clovis I, king of the Franks, was the first important barbarian ruler to convert to Catholicism rather than Arianism, allying himself with the papacy.

Talleyrand was never to settle down and actually rule his new principality ; in 1815 Benevento was returned to the papacy.

At this council Lanfranc obtained the confirmation of primacy that he sought ; nonetheless he was never able to secure its formal confirmation by the papacy, possibly as a result of the succession of Gregory VII to the papal throne in 1073.

It is noticeable that, while he held his office in the curia through that momentous period of fifty years which witnessed the Councils of Konstanz, in the train of Pope John XXIII, and of Basel, and the final restoration of the papacy under Nicholas V, his sympathies were never attracted to ecclesiastical affairs.

After this, though the city was again under papal control, the civil government was never again directly in the hands of the higher nobles or the papacy.

Whereas before 1777 all expirations of in pectore appointments had occurred because the pope making them died soon after, on June 23 of that year Pope Pius VI created two cardinals in pectore and never revealed their names in the remaining 22 years of his papacy.

The Decretum quickly became the standard text book for students of canon law throughout Europe, but it never received any formal official recognition by the papacy.

He also investigated the history of the early papacy and controversially held that St. Peter never lived in Rome.

The umbraculum ( better known in the Italian form ombrellino ) is a canopy or umbrella ( consisting of alternating red and gold stripes, the traditional colours of the city of Rome and so, until 1808, of the papacy ) whose original function was quite simply to provide shade.

The fact that he fled to Constantinople, where he received protection, makes it probable that his rise to papacy might have been associated with the policy of the Greek Emperor, who at this time was pushing to displace the German influence in Salerno.

On August 17, 942, Alberic summoned a council in Rome, where he demonstrated his control over the papacy by making use of various papal officials, such as the Primicerius, the Secundicerius of the Notaries, and the Vestararius.

Under the direction of Pope Leo X, he was ambassador to England and then papal nuncio in Spain, where he conceived a violent detestation of Spanish rule that affected the policies of his later papacy.

The first fruits of this arrangement, which was based on no firmer foundation than the forged " Donation of Constantine ", but destined to give to the papacy a position of independence towards both the Eastern and Western Empires, was the reduction in the autumn, with Norman aid, of Galeria, where the antipope had taken refuge, and the end of the subordination of the papacy to the Roman nobles.

Although not known as a reformer before his appointment, Robert returned from Rome in 1051, where he had gone to be confirmed by the papacy, and opposed the king's choice for Bishop of London on the grounds that the candidate was not suitable.

In 1434 he was appointed maistre de chappelle in Savoy, where he served Duke Amédée VIII ; evidently he left Rome because of a crisis in the finances of the papal choir, and to escape the turbulence and uncertainty during the struggle between the papacy and the Council of Basel.

Originally ( before the papacy moved to Avignon ) the rose was blessed in the Hall of Vestments ( sacristy ) in the palace where the pope was ; but the solemn Mass and the donation of the rose took place in the Santa Croce in Gerusalemme ( a figure, according to Pope Innocent III, of the heavenly Jerusalem ).

The principle of election, which determined Germanic succession, was abandoned in those states under the heaviest influence from the papacy, such as Merovingian Gaul, where hereditary succession and the divine right of the reigning dynasty was recognised.

However the principalities of some of the highest prelates were not known as prince -( arch ) bishopric, which they effectively were, but rather by a term corresponding to a more prestigious ecclesistial or temporal rank: the three German archbishoprics of Prince-electors ( Cologne, Mainz and Trier ) were styled Kurfürstentum ' Electorate ', the patriarchate ( an archbishopric ) of Aquileia just that, the ( Arch ) Bishop of Rome's Italian principalities the Papal State ( s ); on the other hand the papal principality in France, the Countship of Venaissin, where the papacy had resided in ' Babylonian exile ' in Avignon, but which remained a papal state, separate from the Italian states, even after Avignon had been raised to archbishopric, was simply known by its temporal status, no reference to the highest of all princes of the church.

On April 15, 1955, he was named Auxiliary Bishop of Milan, where he remained until September 23, 1960 ; during his time in Milan, Pignedoli established a deep friendship with Giovanni Battista Montini that continued into the latter's rise to the papacy.