The party set out on 27 January 1249, with letters from King Louis and the papal legate, and rich presents, including a chapel-tent, lined with scarlet cloth and embroidered with sacred pictures.

The entire management was in the hands of the papal legate.

In January 1208 the papal legate, Pierre de Castelnau, was sent to meet the ruler of the area, Count Raymond VI of Toulouse.

This was not the first appeal but some have seen the murder of the legate as a turning point in papal policy — whereas it might be more accurate to see it as a fortuitous event in allowing the Pope to excite popular opinion and to renew his pleas for intervention in the south.

The crusader army came under the command, both spiritually and militarily, of the papal legate Arnaud-Amaury, Abbot of Cîteaux.

He suggested that it was not a papal banner to the King but a papal banner to the Churchly legate in the North, more specifically to archbishop Andreas Sunesøn, which he – without the knowledge of the King – brought with him on the King's crusade in the Baltic countries, in an effort to make the army take on a Christian symbol ( over the king's symbol ) and thereby strengthen the power of the church.

It was in this situation that the papal legate Ottobuono Fieschi exerted his influence, to make the king pursue a more conciliatory policy.

He had been named the papal legate to France by Pope Paschal II.

The greatest resistance was seen in France and was led by Guido, who still held the office of the papal legate.

In 1353 Innocent VI sent him as a legate into Italy, with a view to the restoration of the papal authority in the states of the Church, at the head of a small mercenary army.

In 1541 Cardinal Contarini was papal legate at the Conference of Regensburg, the diet and religious debate marking the culmination of attempts to restore religious unity in Germany by means of conferences.

The papal legate had revised the Catholic proposal and assented to the formula agreed upon.

John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulph in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover.

In the autumn of 1218 reinforcements arrived from Europe, including the papal legate Pelagius of Albano.

From 1152 to 1154 Nicholas was in Scandinavia as papal legate, organising the affairs of the new Norwegian Archbishopric of Nidaros ( now Trondheim ).

He remained there for several years as the papal legate, serving from October 1265 to July 1268.

Accompanying Callixtus throughout France, he assisted Callixtus in his initial dealings with Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. As a well-known opponent of the emperor's right to select bishops in his territories ( the Investiture Controversy ), Lamberto was a natural choice for papal legate.

While there, Honorius ruled that the Bishop of St Andrews was to be subject to the Archbishop of York and in the more contentious issue, he attempted to circumvent his way around the problem by declaring that Thurstan was subject to William de Corbeil, not in his role as Archbishop of Canterbury, but as papal legate for England and Scotland.

They took Damietta and a few other places in Egypt, but lack of unity among the Christians and rivalry between their leaders and the papal legate Pelagius resulted in failure.

But general opposition showed itself to the papal interference ; a council at Würzburg ( 16 – 18 March 1287 ) protested energetically, and Rudolf I had to protect the legate from personal violence, so that both his plans and the Pope's failed.

He had previously acted as papal apocrisiarius or legate at Constantinople, and was held in high repute for his learning and virtue.

As ambassador of Ruprecht to the Council of Pisa, he displayed the greatest zeal on behalf of Gregory XII, whom he regarded as the legitimate occupant of the papal throne.

King Ruprecht called the Council of Pisa in 1409, attended by defectors from both papal parties.

* A papal bull grants Sardegna and half of Corsica to Pisa.

Falling under papal influence, Sardinia becomes the focus of the rivalry of Genoa and Pisa, comuni and Signorie, the Giudicati and the Crown of Aragon, which subsumed the island as the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1324, which was to last until 1718 when it was acquired by the House of Savoy, which later, in 1861, became the Kingdom of Italy and finally in 1946 the Italian Republic.

The papal bull ‘ In supremae dignitatis ', granted by Pope Clement VI on September 3, 1343, recognized the ‘ Studium ' of Pisa as a ‘ Studium Generale '; an institution of further education founded or confirmed by a universal authority, the Papacy or Empire.

Pisa was one of the first European universities that could boast this papal attestation, which guaranteed the universal, legal value of its educational qualifications.

For his zeal in defending the papal rights against the 1511 Council of Pisa, in a series of works which were condemned by the Sorbonne and publicly burnt by order of King Louis XII, he obtained the bishopric of Gaeta, and in 1517 Pope Leo X made him a cardinal and archbishop of Palermo.

Travelling towards the papal court at Avignon, Odoric fell ill at Pisa, and turning back to Udine, the capital of his native province, died there.

During the papal reign of his brother and his brother's reforming successors, he played an important rôle in the politics of central and northern Italy, including Sardinia, where he interfered on behalf of Barisone I of Logudoro against the Republic of Pisa, indicating his authority over both.

It is more probable that, like Robert Grosseteste, he had been attached to the Papacy as the only centre of authority, and the only guarantee for public order in the Church, but that his experience of the actual working of the papal system ( and especially a visit to Rome in 1857 ) had to a certain extent convinced him how his ideal diverged from the reality.

Both of these priests were convinced that the Papal See of Rome was vacant and the successors of Pope Pius XII were heretical usurpers of papal office and power.

Pope John Paul I at first declined to use the sedia gestatoria, along with the papal tiara and several other symbols of papal authority, but was eventually convinced by the Vatican staff that its use was necessary in order to allow crowds to see him.

He was averse to all propositions of Popes Clement VII and Paul III to support calling a General Council, because he was convinced that it would only serve " for the preservation of the papal and anti-Christian rule "; but to be prepared for any event, he requested Luther to summarize all articles to which he would adhere before a council, and Luther wrote the Schmalkald Articles.

The Cardinal convinced President Manuel L. Quezon to renounce Freemasonry for Catholicism in 1934, served as papal legate to the thirty-third International Eucharistic Congress in Manila on January 1, 1937, and participated in the conclave of 1939, which selected Pope Pius XII.

To attract the support of powerful Jesuits, Dmitriy publicly converted to Roman Catholicism on 17 April 1604 and convinced the papal nuncio Claudio Rangoni to back up his claim.

A charter was granted after two royal councelors ( Adamo Asmundo and Battista Platamone ) convinced the king to accept the founding of a " Studium Generale " in Catania, with the papal recognition arriving ten years later from Pope Eugene IV ( 18 April 1444 ).

Despite the fact that Richelieu died while the two were en route to Paris, de Breche convinced Pallavicino to continue the journey, and as they were crossing one of the bridges at Orange in the neighborhood of Avignon, a papal enclave within France, there de Breche betrayed him to the local papal authorities.

In reality, Godfrey was only one of several leaders of the crusade, which also included Raymond IV of Toulouse, Bohemund of Taranto, Robert of Flanders, Stephen of Blois and Baldwin of Boulogne to name a few, along with papal legate Adhémar of Montiel, Bishop of Le Puy.

A member of a noble and ancient family in Dauphiné, Rochefort and Montbrun, he was the son of Hughes Du Puy, Seigneur de Peyrins, d ' Apifer, et de Rochefort, Governor of Acre and a general serving under Godfrey of Bouillon and was also related to Adhemar of Le Puy, the papal legate during the First Crusade.

Underneath all the high-sounding phrases of royal and papal letters and behind the more down-to-earth instructions to the envoys was the inescapable fact that Edward would have to desert his Flemish allies and leave them to the vengeance of their indignant suzerain, the king of France, in return for being given an equally free hand with the insubordinate Scots.

However, Thrasimund refused to hand over the four captured towns which he had promised to do in exchange papal support.

The papal vestments were torn from his body, the three fingers from his right hand that he had used in consecrations were cut off and the corpse was thrown into the Tiber ( later to be retrieved by a monk ).

On the other hand, at a synod convened by Louis at Tours in September 1510 the French bishops withdrew from papal obedience, and resolved, with Emperor Maximilian's cooperation, to seek the deposition of the pope.

Julius III, who was anxious to be on good terms with Charles V on account of the Council of Trent which was then sitting, ordered Farnese to hand Parma over to the papal authorities once more, and on his refusal hurled censures and admonitions at his head, and deprived him of his Roman fiefs, while Charles did the same with regard to those in Lombardy.

The common good is a concept central to Catholic social teaching tradition beginning with the foundational document, Rerum Novarum, a papal encyclical by Pope Leo XIII, issued in 1891 to combat the excesses of both laissez-faire capitalism on the one hand and communism on the other.

Liutprand and other sources say that Stephen had the corpse stripped of its papal vestments, cut off the three fingers of his right hand used for consecrations, and declared all of his acts and ordinations ( including his ordination of Stephen ( VI ) VII as bishop of Anagni ) invalid.

He was noted for his many personal affectations, including proffering his hand in papal fashion, lapsing into Latin while speaking, and deliberately mispronouncing modern words.

Pius, wishing to counteract the effect of this policy, sent Farini to Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, to hand over the command of the papal contingent to him.

Henry had a hand in the creation of these propositions and because of that he was summoned to the papal legate after a fellow Augustinian, Giles of Rome.

The decrees of general councils need not be confirmed by the pope nor can they be altered by him ; on the other hand, appeal may be made from papal decisions to a general council.

It deals with the papal primacy and with Limbo, points which were not discussed or defined at Trent ; on the other hand, it is silent on the doctrine of Indulgences, which is set forth in the " Decretum de indulgentiis ", Sess.

While Henry was conducting a campaign against the Magyars on the one hand, papal legates were attempting to create support for the Saxon rebels on the other.

Usually elaborate, papal slippers were made by hand with red satin, red silk, and gold thread ; they featured an embroidered cross garnished with rubies and the soles were made of leather.

However the principalities of some of the highest prelates were not known as prince -( arch ) bishopric, which they effectively were, but rather by a term corresponding to a more prestigious ecclesistial or temporal rank: the three German archbishoprics of Prince-electors ( Cologne, Mainz and Trier ) were styled Kurfürstentum ' Electorate ', the patriarchate ( an archbishopric ) of Aquileia just that, the ( Arch ) Bishop of Rome's Italian principalities the Papal State ( s ); on the other hand the papal principality in France, the Countship of Venaissin, where the papacy had resided in ' Babylonian exile ' in Avignon, but which remained a papal state, separate from the Italian states, even after Avignon had been raised to archbishopric, was simply known by its temporal status, no reference to the highest of all princes of the church.