It was introduced in 1971 by Stephen Cook in his seminal paper " The complexity of theorem proving procedures " and is considered by many to be the most important open problem in the field.

Computer files can be considered as the modern counterpart of paper documents which traditionally are kept in offices ' and libraries ' files, and this is the source of the term.

Certain drawing methods or approaches, such as " doodling ," other informal kinds of drawing, and the surrealist method of " entopic graphomania ", in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots, may or may not be considered part of " drawing " as a " fine art ".

Likewise, tracing — drawing on a thin piece of paper, sometimes designed for that purpose ( tracing paper ), around the outline of preexisting shapes that show through the paper — is also not considered fine art, although it may be part of the draftsman's preparation.

Wreen also considered a seventh requirement: "( 7 ) The good specified in ( 6 ) is, or at least includes, the avoidance of evil ", although as Wreen noted in the paper, he was not convinced that the restriction was required.

His paper was followed by his 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players.

In 1989, the Garland Publishing Company brought out a 15-volume collection of major works on Berkeley ; Pappas ' paper “ Abstract ideas and the ' esse is percipi ' thesis ” was included in the third volume, as it was considered to be a significant contribution to Berkeley scholarship.

Sartre says that if one considered a paper cutter, one would assume that the creator would have had a plan for it: an essence.

In his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force he modelled these magnetic lines of force using a sea of molecular vortices that he considered to be partly made of aether and partly made of ordinary matter.

Escher is considered a research mathematician of his time because of his documentation with this paper.

When Eldredge and Gould published their 1972 paper, allopatric speciation was considered the " standard " theory of speciation.

Though this ' stamp ' was applied to a letter instead of a separate piece of paper it is considered by many historians as the world's first postage stamp .< ref name =" William Dockwra and the Penny Post Service "></ span ></ font ></ ref >

On the contrary, the Silk Road passed Chinese products and inventions to the Western regions, including paper: papermaking originated in China and is considered one of Four Great Inventions.

An unusually exotic theory of sonoluminescence, which has received much popular attention, is the Casimir energy theory suggested by noted physicist Julian Schwinger and more thoroughly considered in a paper by Claudia Eberlein of the University of Sussex.

The album is considered the earliest of its kind and consists of 54 paintings by Tosa Mitsunobu and 54 sheets of calligraphy on shikishi paper in five colors, written by master calligraphers.

Nature turned down the paper because it was considered too remote from reality.

For example, milk, eggs, and notebook paper are considered by many customers as completely undifferentiable and fungible ; lowest price is the only deciding factor in the purchasing choice.

The goal of this art is to transform a flat sheet of paper into a finished sculpture through folding and sculpting techniques, and as such the use of cuts or glue are not considered to be origami.

With the recent introduction of the printing press, it became possible to reproduce one's ideas much more easily on paper, and Hugo considered this period to represent the last flowering of architecture as a great artistic form.

Following the argument in the Einstein – Podolsky – Rosen ( EPR ) paradox paper ( but using the example of spin, as in David Bohm's version of the EPR argument ), Bell considered an experiment in which there are " a pair of spin one-half particles formed somehow in the singlet spin state and moving freely in opposite directions.

At the time, the paper had run into financial trouble and was unable to raise bank loans because its then editor, Piero Ottone, was considered hostile to the ruling Christian Democrats.

This 1926 paper was enthusiastically endorsed by Einstein, who saw the matter-waves as an intuitive depiction of nature, as opposed to Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, which he considered overly formal.

Certificates of deposit ( CDs ) or short term commercial paper are considered to be money market instruments and not bonds: the main difference is in the length of the term of the instrument.

On June 28, 2007, the UK national newspaper The Mail on Sunday revealed that it had made a deal to give Prince's new album, Planet Earth, away for free with an " imminent " edition of the paper, making it the first place in the world to get the album.

Rarer still, and almost impossible to find, is the advertising sleeve, a die-cut thin paper sleeve printed with an advert for the debut album, snippets of newspaper and magazine reviews and a cut-out " Really Free " body sticker.

In fact, wherever the original album artwork had the words " Black Flag ", they had been covered up with small slips of paper, thus adhering to the letter of the law.

In the song " Crosstown Traffic ", from the album Electric Ladyland, Jimi Hendrix used a kazoo made of comb and paper acompanying the guitar to accentuate a blown-out speaker sound for which he was looking.

* In November 2007, an album of eight leaves, ink on paper, by China's Ming Dynasty court painter Dong Qichang was sold at the Christie's Hong Kong Chinese Paintings Auction for US $ 6, 235, 500, a world auction record for the artist.

This was brought to a head when the paper was about to publish a poster of an insert contained in the Dead Kennedys ' album Frankenchrist.

Due to the success of this album and its lead single, Frida was voted " Best Female Artist Of The Year " 1982, by the readers of Sweden's biggest evening paper Aftonbladet, receiving the Swedish Music Award Price Rockbjörnen.

On recording the album, Collins recalled " gave us all a bit of paper, and we made lists from one to 15.

Each show began with Scott holding a hat filled with slips of paper containing the band's album names.

Up through the band's first studio album, Death Church ( 1983 ), their records were packaged in fold-out paper sleeves full of artwork, lyrics and poster graphics characteristic of Crass and many other bands in the anarcho-punk scene.

The drone band Sunn O ))) used Out-of-Round X ( 1999 ), a paintstick drawing on handmade Hiromi paper, as the cover of their seventh studio album released in 2009, called Monoliths & Dimensions.

The paper pays respect to Bostock's work by displaying his " poem " in its entirety and notes that Jethro Tull has decided to use the poem as the centerpiece of their new album.

( The album is reviewed in the paper by the equally fictional Julian Stone-Mason: a pseudonym of Ian Anderson's ).

The photography is credited to Richard D. James, handwritten on an image that appears on a separate sheet of paper, which was included with many versions of the album.

The album was originally released on vinyl in a circular novelty package of a metal replica of a giant tobacco tin inside which was a poster created with 5 connected paper circles with pictures of the band members.

On vinyl recordings, the most common placement of these notes would be the paper sleeve inside of an album jacket that served to protect the record from dust ( dust sleeve or dust liner, etc .).

The artwork of the album is a collection of blotter acid paper of varying size, image, and age contributed by Mark McCloud, famous for his extensive collection which he calls the Institute of Illegal Images.

For the re-release, the opening tracks " Intro " and " Into the Infinity of Thoughts " were combined, and the album came packed in a paper slipcase to cover the traditional jewel case, both featuring the same artwork.

Dark Horse comics announced the publication of The Art of Emily Volume One, the first collection of images showing the wide and inspired range of artistic styles and mediums that have been used to create the world of Emily the Strange: silk-screened vinyl skateboard stickers to custom rock-and-roll album art, large-scale psychedelic paintings, and intricate Mongolian paper cutting, the fantastic and artful imaginings of Rob Reger, Buzz Parker, and a large number of collaborators.

On January 5 2007, Valhalla was published on the Internet for the first time as the Danish paper Jyllands-Posten began publishing the 14th album, Muren (" The Wall "), in their online edition.

In an interview with antiMusic. com, he explained it as an effort to reconnect with the process of print making and as a means to share his art in a larger format than the small, low quality prints in album cover and insert art, " It's a way of getting pictures out in the way they should be seen ; not as 4-colour litho on cheap paper, but as real pieces of artwork that have a much greater visual impact.

Early copies of the album came with the sleeve enclosed in a lime-green paper bag.