This phenomenon is also associated with a changing speed of light as seen from the definition of index of refraction provided above which implies:

In optics, refraction is a phenomenon that often occurs when waves travel from a medium with a given refractive index to a medium with another at an oblique angle.

When a beam of white light passes from air into a material having an index of refraction that varies with frequency, a phenomenon known as dispersion occurs, in which different coloured components of the white light are refracted at different angles, i. e., they bend by different amounts at the interface, so that they become separated.

He investigated the phenomenon of refraction, deducing the wave theory of light, and was the first to suggest that matter expands when heated and that air is made of small particles separated by relatively large distances.

About 1860 he was engaged in an inquiry on the intensity of light reflected from, or transmitted through, a pile of plates ; and in 1862 he prepared for the British Association a valuable report on double refraction, a phenomenon where certain crystals show different refractive indices along different axes.

Wind shear can have a pronounced effect upon sound propagation in the lower atmosphere, where waves can be " bent " by refraction phenomenon.

This phenomenon is not the same as the origin of rainbow colours ( caused by the refraction of internally reflected light ), but rather are the same as the phenomenon causing the colours in an oil slick on a wet road.

The same phenomenon is utilised in seismic refraction.

This phenomenon is also associated with a changing speed of light as seen from the definition of index of refraction provided above which implies:

Negative refraction is the name for an electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays are refracted at an interface in the reverse sense to that normally expected.

Total external reflection is an optical phenomenon where electromagnetic radiation ( e. g. visible light ) can, at certain angles, be totally reflected from an interface between two media of different indices of refraction ( see Snell's law ).

Paul Dong writes that Shen's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of atmospheric refraction " is basically in accord with modern scientific principles.

The phenomenon of Brosnya can be explained from the physical point of view: huge smelt shoals are reflected on the water surface through refraction of light and produces the effect of a huge reptile head.

Negative refraction is the name for an electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays are refracted at an interface in the reverse sense to that normally expected.

While explaining the phenomenon to his crew, the captain might more precisely have used the word refraction rather than reflection, since the reflection is due to a refractive effect of layers of air.

Both these popular methods are used to analyze sound and better understand the acoustic phenomenon.

The early disco sound was largely an urban American phenomenon with producers and labels such as SalSoul Records ( Ken, Joe and Stanley Cayre ), West End Records ( Mel Cheren ), Casablanca ( Neil Bogart ), and Prelude ( Marvin Schlachter ) to name a few.

Epstein's reference to this " phenomenon of an epiphanic being ", which appears through the transduction of sound, proved influential on Schaeffer ’ s concept of reduced listening.

File: Cdoppler. jpg | Christian Doppler ( 1803-1853 ): first described how the observed frequency of light and sound waves is affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector, a phenomenon which became known as the Doppler effect.

Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but any type of wave can refract when it interacts with a medium, for example when sound waves pass from one medium into another or when water waves move into water of a different depth.

Bristol's Wild Bunch crew was one of the soundsystems to put a local spin on the international phenomenon, helping to birth Bristol's signature sound of trip hop.

The phenomenon of sound waves guided through a taut wire have been known for a long time, as well as sound through a hollow pipe such as a cave or medical stethoscope.

Second sound is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which heat transfer occurs by wave-like motion, rather than by the more usual mechanism of diffusion.

Secondary control parameters allow extraction of vibration and sound phenomenon from the kinetic oscillators through a series of proximity microphones and PZMs ( piezo electric contact mics ).

* Lombard effect, a phenomenon in which a speaker or singer involuntarily raises his or her vocal intensity in the presence of high levels of sound

Singing sand dunes, an example of the phenomenon of singing sand, produce a sound described as roaring, booming, squeaking, or the " Song of Dunes ".

This is a natural sound phenomenon of up to 105 decibels, lasting as long as several minutes, that occurs in about 35 desert locations around the world.

Mingsha Shan is so named for the sound of the wind whipping off the dunes, the singing sand phenomenon.

As speeds approach the speed of sound, the additional phenomenon of wave drag appears.

If the area convergence is great enough that the speed of sound is reached, a phenomenon known as " choking " occurs.

Babylon Village has also experienced the modern phenomenon in which small sound houses on desirable lots have been purchased and torn down by affluent recent purchasers and replaced with houses as large as zoning will permit, meaning that the new home builder has paid the price of a home just to obtain the lot.

Recently, scientists have discovered supersonic fracture, the phenomenon of crack motion faster than the speed of sound in a material.

The missing fundamental phenomenon is used electronically by some pro audio manufacturers to allow sound systems to seem to produce notes that are lower in pitch than they are capable of reproducing.

This effect is often depicted in the anime series as a white bolt flashing across their forehead with an accompanying sound effect, a phenomenon referred to as a " Newtype flash ".

While it is sometimes argued that the roots of sound poetry are to be found in oral poetry traditions, the writing of pure sound texts that downplay the roles of meaning and structure is a 20th century phenomenon.

This is a phenomenon familiar to all radio listeners, resulting from reflection of skywave signals at night from the ionized layer in the upper atmosphere known as the ionosphere.

One possible explanation was that upwardly accelerating shock waves from the impact accelerated charged particles enough to cause auroral emission, a phenomenon more typically associated with fast-moving solar wind particles striking a planetary atmosphere near a magnetic pole.

February 10, 2009 < http :// search. ebscohost. com ></ ref > it has been theorized that this was due to light passing through high-altitude ice particles formed at extremely low temperatures, a phenomenon that occurred again when the Space Shuttle re-entered the Earth's atmosphere.

The artist and critic Ilya Kabakov mentions this essential phenomenon in the introduction to his lectures “ On the “ Total ” Installation :” “ is simultaneously both a ‘ victim ’ and a viewer, who on the one hand surveys and evaluates the installation, and on the other, follows those associations, recollections which arise in him he is overcome by the intense atmosphere of the total illusion ” ( Kabakov 256 ).

Since the 1960s a puzzling phenomenon has been observed in the atmosphere of Venus whereat the atmosphere above the cloud base is seen to travel around the planet about 50 times faster than the rotation of the planet surface, or in only four to five Earth-days.

Rayleigh scattering | Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving the Earth a blue Halo ( optical phenomenon ) | halo when seen from space.

If the object lies outside the Earth's atmosphere, as in the case of stars and planets, the phenomenon is termed astronomical scintillation ; if the luminous source lies within the atmosphere, the phenomenon is termed terrestrial scintillation.

Any phenomenon which was at some point produced due to condensation or precipitation of moisture within the Earth's atmosphere is known as a hydrometeor.

Hydrometeors are unrelated to meteors, which are objects from outer space which have entered the Earth's atmosphere and have produced a light phenomenon.

Agnihotra is regarded a process of purification of the atmosphere as a cumulative effect of various scientific and sonic principles harnessed to give rise to an unparalled purifying and healing phenomenon.

St. Elmo's fire ( also St. Elmo's light ) is a weather phenomenon in which luminous plasma is created by a coronal discharge from a sharp or pointed object in a strong electric field in the atmosphere ( such as those generated by thunderstorms or created by a volcanic eruption ).

" On the other hand, Aristotle's Arabic commentator Ibn al-Bitriq considered " the Milky Way to be a phenomenon exclusively of the heavenly spheres, not of the upper part of the atmosphere " and that the " light of those stars makes a visible patch because they are so close.

No single natural phenomenon is known to produce this signature, although there was speculation that the Velas could record exceptionally rare natural double events, such as a meteoroid strike triggering a lightning superbolt in the Earth's atmosphere, as may have occurred in the Vela Incident .< ref name =" Skeptoid "> Dunning, Brian.

A consequence of this is that their amplitudes naturally increase exponentially as the tide ascends into progressively more rarefied regions of the atmosphere ( for an explanation of this phenomenon, see below ).

Another phenomenon that produces upper atmosphere ionization suitable for 2-meter DXing are the auroras.

Besides the aspect of materialization and dematerialization he cited the " poltergeist " phenomenon experienced by some people after a close encounter ; the photographs of UFOs, some times on only one frame, not seen by the witnesses ; the changing form right before the witnesses ' eyes ; the puzzling question of telepathic communication ; or that in close encounters of the third kind the creatures seem to be at home in earth's gravity and atmosphere ; the sudden stillness in the presence of the craft ; levitation of cars or persons ; the development by some of psychic abilities after an encounter.

This sequence of events forms the typical spectrum of HL phenomenon when the atmosphere is clear, with no fog.

With communicators scrambled by the ionization from the phenomenon, the Galileo has no way to call the Enterprise for help before it falls back into the atmosphere and burns up.