Prefect Orestes enjoyed the political backing of Hypatia, an astronomer, philosopher and mathematician who had considerable moral authority in the city of Alexandria, and who had extensive influence.

* 1123 – Omar Khayyám, Persian poet, astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher ( b. 1048 )

He had already shown a strong inclination for natural science, and this had been fostered by his intimacy with a " self-taught philosopher, astronomer and mathematician ," as Sir Walter Scott called him, of great local fame — James Veitch of Inchbonny — a man who was particularly skillful in making telescopes.

* 1582 – Mario Bettinus, Italian philosopher, mathematician and astronomer ( d. 1657 )

Similarly, it was commonly believed by Medieval people that other ancient figures like the poet Virgil, astronomer Ptolemy and philosopher Aristotle had been involved in magic, and grimoires claiming to have been written by them were circulated.

Giordano Bruno (; 1548 – February 17, 1600 ), ( Latin: Iordanus Brunus Nolanus ) born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.

Hypatia of Alexandria, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer, a pagan killed by a Christian mob in March 415 CE.

Among them were the astronomer Tycho Brahe, the chemical physician Paracelsus, the Irish philosopher Robert Boyle, and the English philosophers Thomas Browne and Isaac Newton.

* Roger Joseph Boscovich, physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, and Jesuit

* Abraham bar Hiyya, Jewish philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician from Catalonia

* Abū ' Alī al-Haṣan ibn al-Haytham ( a. k. a. Alhazen or Alhacen ), Iraqi polymath: scientist, physicist, optical researcher, astronomer, engineer, inventor, mathematician, physician, ophthalmologist, Islamic philosopher, psychologist and Islamic theologian

* Abū ' Alī al-Husayn ibn Sīnā ( a. k. a. Avicenna ), Persian polymath: physician, philosopher, scientist, astronomer, chemist, geologist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and Islamic theologian

* Omar Khayyám, Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer

* Sylvester II, Pope, a French astronomer, mathematician, orator, musician, and philosopher.

* Galileo Galilei, Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher

* Eudoxus of Cnidus, Greek philosopher and astronomer who has expanded on Plato's ideas ( or 355 BC ) ( b. 410 BC or 408 BC )

* Posidonius, Greek philosopher, astronomer and geographer ( 51 BC ) ( b. c. 135 BC )

* Al-Tabari, physician, philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer

* Al-Tabari, physician, philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer

* 1288 – Gersonides, Jewish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer ( d. 1344 )

** Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, astronomer, and occultist ( d. 1600 )

1510 – 1576 ), also variously referred to as Luigi Lilio, Luigi Giglio, or Aluise Baldassar Lilio, was an Italian doctor, astronomer, philosopher and chronologist, and also the " primary author " who provided the proposal that ( after modifications ) became the basis of the Gregorian Calendar reform of 1582.

* probable – Nicholas of Cusa, German philosopher, mathematician and astronomer ( d. 1464 )

* May 18 – Omar Khayyám, Persian poet, astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher ( d. 1123 )

Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz ( Hebrew: עדין שטיינזלץ ) or Adin Even Yisrael ( Hebrew: עדין אבן ישראל ) ( born 1937 ) is a teacher, philosopher, social critic, and spiritual mentor, who has been hailed by Time magazine as a " once-in-a-millennium scholar ".

Mosheh ben Maimon ( משה בן מימון )‎, called Moses Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn (), or RaMBaM ( רמב " ם – Hebrew acronym for " Rabbi Mosheh Ben Maimon "), was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the most prolific and followed Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages.

In the so-called “ Polenaktion ”, more than 12, 000 Polish-born Jews, among them philosopher and theologian Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel and future literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki, were expelled from Germany on 28 October 1938, on Hitler's orders.

Nahmanides, also known as Rabbi Moses ben Naḥman Girondi, Bonastruc ça ( de ) Porta and by his acronym Ramban ( 1194 – 1270 ), was a leading medieval Jewish scholar, Catalan rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator.

* Rabbi David Hartman-Rabbi and founder of Shalom Hartman Institute in Jerusalem, a prominent philosopher, lecturer, and author.

He was the son of Baruch, great < sup > 5 </ sup >- grandson of the mystic and philosopher Rabbi Judah Loew, the " Maharal of Prague ".

Loewe, Löwe, or Levai, ( c. 1520 – 17 September 1609 ) widely known to scholars of Judaism as the Maharal of Prague, or simply The MaHaRaL, the Hebrew acronym of " Moreinu ha-Rav Loew ," (" Our Teacher, Rabbi Loew ") was an important Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic, and philosopher who, for most of his life, served as a leading rabbi in the cities of Mikulov in Moravia and Prague in Bohemia.

The Kitab al Khazari, commonly called the Kuzari, is one of the most famous works of the medieval Spanish Jewish philosopher and poet Rabbi Yehuda Halevi, completed around 1140.

Another influential philosopher in the Conservative movement, Rabbi Elliot N. Dorff, also bases his views on existentialism, and the works of Franz Rosenzweig.

* Rabbi David Hartman ( born 1931 ), American and Israeli rabbi and philosopher of contemporary Judaism, founder of the Shalom Hartman Institute.

* Sefer haYashar, by the Kabbalist and philosopher Rabbi Abraham Abulafia

1270 ), Rabbi Moshe ben Nahman, Catalan rabbi, philosopher, physician, Kabbalist and biblical commentator

Or Adonai ( Hebrew: אור א ֲ ד ֹ נ ָ י ), The Light of the Lord, is the primary work of Rabbi Hasdai Crescas ( c. 1340-1410 / 1411 ), a Jewish philosopher.

Or Adonai ( Hebrew: אור א ֲ ד ֹ נ ָ י ), The Light of the Lord, is the primary work of Rabbi Hasdai Crescas ( c. 1340-1410 / 1411 ), a Jewish philosopher.

These include writer, teacher and physician Deepak Chopra ; Trappist monk Father Thomas Keating ; Rabbi Marc Gopin ; Integral philosopher and author Steve McIntosh ; social critic, scientist, Muslim scholar and Noble Prize nominee Munawar Anees ; spiritual teacher Eckhart Tolle ; spiritual leader Sri Sri Ravi Shankar ; author Howard Bloom, scientist Rupert Sheldrake ; evolutionary biologist Elisabet Sahtouris ; and others.

Among them are the medieval philosopher Rabbi Chasdai Crescas ( Ohr Hashem 4: 2 ) and 18th century kabbalist Rabbi Pinchas Eliyahu Horowitz ( Sefer HaBris ).

Rabbi Moses ben Jacob ibn Ezra, known as ha-Sallah (" writer of penitential prayers ") (, Abu Harun Musa bin Ya ' acub ibn Ezra, ,) was a Jewish, Spanish philosopher, linguist, and poet.

* David Cohen ( rabbi ) ( 1887 – 1972 ), Rabbi, talmudist, philosopher, and kabbalist