In the book Imperfect garden: the legacy of humanism, humanist philosopher Tzvetan Todorov identifies individualism as an important current of socio-political thought within modernity and as examples of it he mentions Michel de Montaigne, François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Sade, and Charles Baudelaire In La Rochefoucauld, he identifies a tendency similar to stoicism in which " the honest person works his being in the manner of an sculptor who searches the liberation of the forms which are inside a block of marble, to extract the truth of that matter.

In the eulogy written for the French Academy by the French mathematician and philosopher Marquis de Condorcet, he commented,

* Marquis de Sade, French writer and philosopher

* September 17 – Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician, philosopher, and political scientist ( d. 1794 )

* March 28 – Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician, philosopher, and political scientist ( died in prison ) ( b. 1743 )

A candidate with that property is called a Condorcet winner ( named for the 18th-century French mathematician and philosopher Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, the Marquis de Condorcet, who championed such outcomes ).

* March 28: Death of philosopher and mathematician Marquis de Condorcet in prison.

Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria-Bonesana (; March 15, 1738 – November 28, 1794 ) was an Italian jurist, philosopher and politician best known for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments ( 1764 ), which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the field of penology.

* January 11-Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d ' Argens, French philosopher ( born 1704 )

* Don Marquis ( philosopher ) ( b. 1935 ), American philosopher and bioethicist

Balthus's older brother, Pierre Klossowski, was a philosopher and writer influenced by theology and the works of the Marquis de Sade.

French philosopher Marquis de Condorcet was involved in the origins of the theory with the concept that technological advancements and economical changes can enable changes in moral and cultural values.

It is named after the 18th century mathematician and philosopher Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, the Marquis de Condorcet.

| 7960 Condorcet || || Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet, French philosopher †

Guidobaldi or Guido Baldi ), Marquis del Monte, was an Italian mathematician, philosopher and astronomer of the 16th century.

Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d ' Argens ( June 24, 1704-January 11, 1771 ) was a French philosopher and writer.

* 1780 – Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, French philosopher ( b. 1715 )

* Donatien Alphonse Francois de Sade, French aristocrat, revolutionary politician, philosopher, and writer famous for his libertine sexuality and lifestyle.

The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political principles of the Age of Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Swiss philosopher Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu.

* Ronald de Sousa ( born 1940 ) – English – Canadian philosopher who specializes in the philosophy of emotions, philosophy of mind and philosophy of biology.

He was thus related to the great theologian and philosopher Martín de Azpilcueta.

* 1600 – The philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive, for heresy, at Campo de ' Fiori in Rome.

* 1502 – Damião de Góis, Portuguese philosopher ( d. 1574 )

* The Third Policeman and The Dalkey Archive by Flann O ' Brien contains not only quotes from the works of a fictitious Irish philosopher named de Selby, but also has numerous footnotes and references to other fictitious authors writing about de Selby and his books.

This early form of democracy was recorded by the philosopher Rousseau, by the poet Wordsworth, by the dramatist Tirso de Molina and by the composer Iparraguirre, who wrote the piece called Gernikako Arbola.

Elements of historicism appear in the writings of Italian philosopher G. B. Vico and French essayist Michel de Montaigne, and became fully developed with the dialectic of G. W. F. Hegel, influential in 19th-century Europe.

Portrait by Friedrich Engels. Johann Kaspar Schmidt ( October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856 ), better known as Max Stirner ( the nom de plume he adopted from a schoolyard nickname he had acquired as a child because of his high brow, in German ' Stirn '), was a German philosopher, who ranks as one of the literary fathers of nihilism, existentialism, post-modernism and anarchism, especially of individualist anarchism.

Alexis de Tocqueville, the French philosopher, witnessed the Choctaw removals while in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1831,

* 1834 – Auguste-Théodore-Paul de Broglie, French philosopher ( d. 1895 )

As early as 1819, in his famous speech “ On Ancient and Modern Liberty ,” the political philosopher Benjamin Constant, a proponent of constitutional monarchy and representative democracy, criticized Rousseau, or rather his more radical followers ( specifically the Abbé de Mably ), for allegedly believing that " everything should give way to collective will, and that all restrictions on individual rights would be amply compensated by participation in social power .”

In 1929 at the École Normale, he met Simone de Beauvoir, who studied at the Sorbonne and later went on to become a noted philosopher, writer, and feminist.

Government in Lithuania is made up of three branches originally envisioned by enlightenment philosopher Baron de Montesquieu: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty () ( 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961 ) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Karl Marx, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre ( who later stated he had been " converted " to Marxism by Merleau-Ponty ) and Simone de Beauvoir.

Thinkers most typically linked with Structuralism include anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, the early writings of psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, the early writings of literary theorist Roland Barthes, and the semiotician Algirdas Greimas.

Arminius used a philosophy called Molinism ( named for the philosopher Luis de Molina ) that attempted to reconcile freedom with God's omniscience.

Both the marquis d ' Argenson and the abbé de Saint-Pierre described politics as a science ; d ' Argenson was a philosopher and de Saint-Pierre an allied reformer of the enlightenment.

* June 2-Marquis de Sade, French aristocrat, revolutionary politician, philosopher, and writer ( died 1814 )

* 1772 – Charles Fourier, French philosopher ( d. 1837 )

Basic English, also known as Simple English, is an English-based controlled language created ( in essence as a simplified subset of English ) by linguist and philosopher Charles Kay Ogden as an international auxiliary language, and as an aid for teaching English as a Second Language.

Charles Babbage, FRS ( 26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871 ) was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer.

Other names connected to the city include Max Born, physicist and Nobel laureate ; Charles Darwin, the biologist who discovered natural selection ; David Hume, a philosopher, economist and historian ; James Hutton, regarded as the " Father of Geology "; John Napier inventor of logarithms ; chemist and one of the founders of thermodynamics Joseph Black ; pioneering medical researchers Joseph Lister and James Young Simpson ; chemist and discoverer of the element nitrogen, Daniel Rutherford ; mathematician and developer of the Maclaurin series, Colin Maclaurin and Ian Wilmut, the geneticist involved in the cloning of Dolly the sheep just outside Edinburgh.

Nonetheless, decades later, in Cinéma I and Cinema II ( 1983 – 1985 ), the philosopher Gilles Deleuze took Matter and Memory as the basis of his philosophy of film and revisited Bergson's concepts, combining them with the semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce.

Frederick Charles Copleston, SJ, CBE ( 10 April 1907 – 3 February 1994 ) was a Jesuit priest, philosopher, and historian of philosophy.

The US philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce praised Cantor's set theory, and, following public lectures delivered by Cantor at the first International Congress of Mathematicians, held in Zurich in 1897, Hurwitz and Hadamard also both expressed their admiration.

* 1889 – Charles Kay Ogden, English linguist, philosopher, and writer ( d. 1957 )

* 1780 – Charles Batteux, French philosopher ( b. 1713 )

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980 ) was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic.

* Charles Parsons ( philosopher )

* Charles Taylor ( philosopher )

* Charles Waddington ( philosopher )

* 1713 – Charles Batteux, French philosopher ( d. 1780 )

Charles Colson's conversion to Christianity resulted from his reading this book, as did the conversions of Francis Collins, Josh Caterer and the philosopher C. E. M. Joad.

* The political philosopher Charles Blattberg has advanced a distinction between negotiation and conversation and criticized those methods of conflict-resolution which give too much weight to the former.

The need for a modified view of omnipotence was also articulated by Alfred North Whitehead in the early 20th century and expanded upon by the aforementioned philosopher Charles Hartshorne.

The philosopher Charles Blattberg, who has defined politics as " responding to conflict with dialogue ," offers an account which distinguishes political philosophies from political ideologies.

University of Pennsylvania professor Alan Charles Kors and lawyer Harvey A. Silverglate connect political correctness to Marxist philosopher Herbert Marcuse.

American philosopher Charles Hartshorne used the term Classical Pantheism to describe the deterministic philosophies of Baruch Spinoza, the Stoics, and other like-minded figures.

Yet, American philosopher and self-described Panentheist Charles Hartshorne referred to Spinoza's philosophy as " Classical Pantheism " and distinguished Spinoza's philosophy with panentheism.

A postmodernism that lives up to its name, therefore, must no longer confine itself to the premodern preoccupation with " things " nor with the modern confinement to " ideas ," but must come to terms with the way of signs embodied in the semiotic doctrines of such thinkers as the Portuguese philosopher John Poinsot and the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce.

Hartshorne was deeply influenced by French philosopher Jules Lequier and by Swiss philosopher Charles Secrétan who were probably the first ones to claim that in God liberty of becoming is above his substantiality.