Romanization systems use one of two arbitrary ways to represent the Chinese phonemic opposition between aspirated and unaspirated consonants.

For languages whose writing systems employ the phonemic principle, ordinary letters may be used to denote phonemes, although this approach is often hampered by the complexity of the relationship between orthography and pronunciation ( see Correspondence between letters and phonemes below ).

The entire family is characterised by a paucity of phonemic vowels ( two or three, depending upon the analysis ) coupled with rich consonantal systems that include many forms of secondary articulation.

Zero-dimensional vowel systems ( one phonemic vowel only ) have been postulated for some Abkhaz dialects, Nuxálk, and for Kabardian ; however,.

Languages rarely have perfectly phonemic orthographies ; a high degree of grapheme-phoneme correspondence can be expected in orthographies based on alphabetic writing systems, but these orthographies differ in the degree to which they are in fact fully phonemic.

Another terminology is that of deep and shallow orthographies, where the depth of an orthography is the degree to which it diverges from being truly phonemic ( this concept can also be applied to non-alphabetic writing systems like syllabaries ).

He he recognized that phonemic mergers and splits with dissimilar results across dialects would pose a difficult challenge for the construction of a diasystem ; he cautioned against positing a diasystem when the work of creating all the member systems ( e. g., the work of phonemicization ) was yet incomplete ; and, following the lead of, he noted that the differences in phonological inventory and etymological distribution might prove problematic in the construction of diasystems.

For more details on the Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore systems see: phonemic æ-tensing in the Mid-Atlantic region.

For the vowel qamaẕ ָ, whether the vowel is long or short in Classical Hebrew affects the pronunciation in Academy or Israeli Hebrew, even though vowel length is not phonemic in those systems, and the difference is transliterated accordingly.

For more details on the Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York systems see: phonemic æ-tensing in the Mid-Atlantic region.

The consonants of Plains Cree in the two standard writing systems, Cree syllabics and the Cree Latin alphabet, are listed in the following table ( with IPA phonemic notation within slashes ).

There exist pairs of long and short vowels with overlapping vowel quality giving Australian English phonemic length distinction, which is unusual amongst the various dialects of English, though not unknown elsewhere, such as in regional south-eastern dialects of the UK and eastern seaboard dialects in the US .< ref >

As in Italian, the grapheme < i > appears in some digraphs and trigraphs in which it does not represent the phonemic vowel.

In English and other languages, " d " and " t " indicate a voiced and unvoiced distinction, which is not phonemic in Chinese.

The government revised the spelling rules in 1912, 1921 and 1930, which were relatively phonemic.

This distinguishes them from phonemic transcription, which is placed between slashes (, ), and from phonetic transcription, which is placed between square brackets (, ).

While phonemes are normally conceived of as abstractions of discrete segmental speech sounds ( vowels and consonants ), there are other features of pronunciation – principally tone and stress – which in some languages can change the meaning of words in the way that phoneme contrasts do, and are consequently called phonemic features of those languages.

In languages in which tones are phonemic, the tone phonemes may be called tonemes.

The particular sounds which are phonemic in a language can change over time.

In general, the ten-vowel system of Classical Latin ( not counting the Greek letter y ), which relied on phonemic vowel length, was newly modelled into one in which vowel length distinctions lost phonemic importance, and qualitative distinctions of height became more prominent.

A regular colon is often used as a fallback when this character is not available, and in the practical orthography of some languages which have a phonemic long / short distinction in vowels.

Another characteristic feature of Sumerian is the large number of homophones ( words with the same sound structure but different meanings ), which are perhaps pseudo-homophones, as there might have been differences in pronunciation such as tone or some phonemic distinctions that are unknown.

Emic and etic are derived from the linguistic terms phonemic and phonetic respectively, which are in turn derived from Greek roots.

Standard Hungarian has 14 vowels in a symmetrical system: seven short vowels ( a, e, i, o, ö, u, ü ) and seven long ones, which are written with an acute accent in the case of á, é, í, ó, ú, and with the double acute in the case of ő, ű. Vowel length has phonemic significance in Hungarian, that is, it distinguishes different words and grammatical forms.

The latter can be subdivided into phonemic transcription, which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict phonetic transcription, which records speech sounds with precision.

Mackenzie writes that the present Kurdish standard called Soranî is in fact an idealized version of the Silêmanî dialect, which uses the phonemic system of the Píjhdar and Mukrî dialects.

A characteristic sound change ( a phonemic split ) occurred in the majority of East Asian and Southeast Asian languages, typically happening c. 1000 – 1500 AD, in which a former distinction between voiced and unvoiced consonants at the beginning of a syllable was lost, in the process transferring the former voicing distinction onto the syllabic nucleus ( i. e. the following vowel ).

One particular form of a broad transcription is a phonemic transcription, which disregards all allophonic difference, and, as the name implies, is not really a phonetic transcription at all, but a representation of phonemic structure.

Palatalization may result in a phonemic split, that is, a historical change by which a phoneme becomes two new phonemes over time through phonetic palatalization.

For instance, in a language with phonemic vowel length, this must be marked separately from prosodic syllable length.

Cued Speech must be combined with mouthing ( associated with the speaking of a language ), as the hand shape, hand placement, and information on the mouth combine as unique feature bundles to represent phonemic values.

Using phonemic diversity, a more recent analysis offers directly linguistic support for a similar date.

However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic.

A purely phonological analysis would likely assign to these three endings the phonemic representations / s /, / z /, / ɪz /.

Note that the terms prenasalization and postnasalization are normally used only in languages where these sounds are phonemic: that is, not analyzed into sequences of stop plus nasal.

Phonics is a method for teaching reading and writing the English language by developing learners ’ phonemic awareness — the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes — in order to teach the correspondence between these sounds and the spelling patterns ( graphemes ) that represent them.

Spelling reforms have been proposed for various languages over the years ; these have ranged from modest attempts to eliminate particular irregularities ( such as SR1 or Initial Teaching Alphabet ) through more far-reaching reforms ( such as Cut Spelling ) to attempts to introduce a full phonemic orthography, like the Shavian alphabet or its revised version, Quikscript, the latest DevaGreek alphabet, the Latinization of Turkish or hangul in Korea.

) Reconstruction of Vietnamese, Old Chinese and ancient Tibetan and Burmese have suggested that these languages originally did not have phonemic tone, but later developed it ; the process of tone development is known as tonogenesis.

None of these transcriptions make any claims about the phonemic status of the sounds.

To take an example from American English: the sound in the words " table " and " cat " would, in a phonemic orthography, be written with the same character ; however, a strictly phonetic script would make a distinction between the aspirated " t " in " table ", the flap in " butter ", the unaspirated " t " in " stop " and the glottalized " t " in " cat " ( not all these allophones exist in all English dialects ).

In Kölsch all of these occur long and short, and the difference is phonemic.

Only 55 of these possibilities are attested, though it is unknown whether this is due to actual gaps in the phonemic inventory, or are simply a reflection of linguists ' poor knowledge of the language.

The stop consonants developed fricative allophones under the influence of Aramaic, and these sounds eventually became marginally phonemic.

In addition, some of these phonemes have coalesced in the various modern dialects, while new phonemes have been introduced through borrowing or phonemic splits.

Pinghua has 6 phonemic tones, reportedly reduced to 4 entering tones before stop consonants, and as with all Chinese dialects there is regional variation of pitch in these tones.

Completely lacking either register or tone distinction, these dialects utilize a three-way distinction of stops ( voiced, voiceless and aspirated voiceless ) and nasals ( voiced, voiceless, and pre-glottalized ) in the syllable-initial position for phonemic contrast.

It assesses phonemic awareness, phonics, and other readiness and literacy skills, and identifies strengths and weaknesses in these skills.

This article discusses the history of these vowels in various dialects of English, focusing in particular on phonemic splits and mergers involving these sounds.

The use of the same vowel in " foot " and " goose " in these dialects is not due to phonemic merger, but the appliance of different languages ' vowel system to the English lexical incidence.

The World Wide Web Consortium and the Unicode Consortium have made recommendations on the choice between using markup and using superscript and subscript characters: " When used in mathematical context ( MathML ) it is recommended to consistently use style markup for superscripts and subscripts ... However, when super and sub-scripts are to reflect semantic distinctions, it is easier to work with these meanings encoded in text rather than markup, for example, in phonetic or phonemic transcription.

Historically, the " erosion " of word-final sounds ( strongest in Livonian, Võro and Estonian ) may leave a phonemic status to the morphophonological variations caused by the agglutination of the lost suffixes, which is the source of the third length level in these languages.

Girgis does not display a phonemic difference between the stop set / p, t, k / and / b, d, g /; these stops can also be aspirated to tʰ, kʰ in Chinese loanwords.