In the new situation, philosophy is able to provide the social sciences with the same guidance that mathematics offers the physical sciences, a reservoir of logical relations that can be used in framing hypotheses having explanatory and predictive value.

This does not mean that philosophy resolves the problems it generates, any more so than Riemann's geometry settled the physical status of the space-time continuum.

In philosophy, religion, mythology, and fiction, the afterlife ( also referred to as life after death, or Hereafter ) is the concept of a realm, or the realm itself ( whether physical or transcendental ), in which an essential part of an individual's identity or consciousness continues to reside after the death of the body in the individual's lifetime.

Brahma Kumaris ' concept of identifying the self as a soul, different from physical body, is deeply linked to the philosophy of celibacy.

Typically in Western philosophy, dualism is considered to be a dualism between mind ( nonphysical ) and brain ( physical ), which ultimately involves mind interacting with the physical brain, and therefore also interacting with the micro-particles ( basic building blocks ) that make up the brain tissue.

The demiurge is a concept from the Platonic, Neopythagorean, Middle Platonic, and Neoplatonic schools of philosophy for an artisan-like figure responsible for the fashioning and maintenance of the physical universe.

The ultimate sense of Marx's materialist philosophy is that philosophy itself must take a position in the class struggle based on objective analysis of physical and social relations.

Epiphenomenalism is the theory in philosophy of mind that mental phenomena are caused by physical processes in the brain or that both are effects of a common cause, as opposed to mental phenomena driving the physical mechanics of the brain.

* Article 137c: He who publicly, orally, in writing or graphically, intentionally expresses himself insultingly regarding a group of people because of their race, their religion or their life philosophy, their heterosexual or homosexual orientation or their physical, psychological or mental disability, shall be punished by imprisonment of no more than a year or a monetary penalty of the third category.

* Article 137d: He who publicly, orally, in writing or graphically, incites hatred against, discrimination of or violent action against person or belongings of people because of their race, their religion or their life philosophy, their gender, their heterosexual or homosexual orientation or their physical, psychological or mental disability, shall be punished by imprisonment of no more than a year or a monetary penalty of the third category.

This work contains Marx's criticism of materialism ( for being contemplative ), idealism ( for reducing practice to theory ) and overall, criticising philosophy for putting abstract reality above the physical world.

However, Kant's opinions about the nature of physical objects pervaded the protocol sentence debate, and Kantian opinions of the relationship between philosophy and science were shared by the positivists to some degree.

Also related to materialism are the ideas of methodological naturalism ( i. e. " let's at least do science as though physicalism is true ") and metaphysical naturalism ( i. e. " philosophy and science should operate according to the physical world, and that's all that exists ").

Michael Polanyi, FRS ( 11 March 1891 – 22 February 1976 ) was a Hungarian polymath, who made important theoretical contributions to physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy.

Neutral monism, in philosophy, is the metaphysical view that the mental and the physical are two ways of organizing or describing the same elements, which are themselves " neutral ," that is, neither physical nor mental.

Platonism is an ancient school of philosophy, founded by Plato ; at the beginning, this school had a physical existence at a site just outside the walls of Athens called the Academy, as well as the intellectual unity of a shared approach to philosophizing.

Philosophy of pain is a branch of philosophy of mind that deals essentially with physical pain, especially in connection with such views as dualism, identity theory, and functionalism.

More generally, it is often as a part of pain in the broad sense, i. e. suffering, that physical pain is dealt with in culture, religion, philosophy, or society.

The resultant academic and public quarrels concerned the scholarly merit, or lack thereof, of humanistic commentary about the physical sciences ; the influence of postmodern philosophy on social disciplines in general ; academic ethics, including whether Sokal was right or wrong to deceive the editors and readers of Social Text ; and whether the journal had exercised the appropriate intellectual rigor before publishing the pseudoscientific article.

In Kabbalah, while God is an absolutely simple ( non-compound ), infinite Unity beyond grasp, as described in Jewish philosophy by Maimonides, through His Kabbalistic manifestations such as the Sephirot and the Shekhinah ( Divine Presence ), we relate to the living dynamic Divinity that emanates, enclothes, is revealed in, and incorporates, the multifarious spiritual and physical plurality of Creation within the Infinite Unity.

The Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools of Hindu philosophy state that Akasha or ether is the fifth physical substance, which is the substratum of the quality of sound.

In the United States, anthropology is traditionally divided into five sub-fields, each with additional branches: biological or physical anthropology, social anthropology or cultural anthropology, archaeology and anthropological linguistics.

In countries of the British Commonwealth, social anthropology has often been institutionally separate from physical anthropology and primatology, which may be connected with departments of biology or zoology ; and from archaeology, which may be connected with departments of Classics, Egyptology, and the like.

* Anthropological anatomy or physical anthropology relates to the comparison of the anatomy of different races of humans.

* Physical anthropology, which studies the physical characteristics of peoples, ancient and modern.

Chemists can use isotope analysis to assist analysts with issues in anthropology, archeology, food chemistry, forensics, geology, and a host of other questions of physical science.

The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, embryology and genetics.

However, Robert Connolly, a lecturer in physical anthropology, suggests that the sinew may have been ornamental and that ligature marks may have been caused by the body swelling when submerged.

Phrenology also contributed to development of physical anthropology, forensic medicine, understanding of brain, nervous system and brain anatomy as well as contributing to applied psychology.

Biological anthropology ( also known as bioanthropology and physical anthropology ) is a branch of anthropology that studies the physical development of the human species.

Scientific physical anthropology began in the 18th century with the study of racial classification.

In the 1830s and 1840s, physical anthropology was prominent in the debate about slavery, with the scientific, monogenist works of the British abolitionist James Cowles Prichard ( 1786 – 1848 ) opposing those of the American polygenist Samuel George Morton ( 1799 – 1851 ).

Ales Hrdlicka ( 1869 – 1943 ), a physician, studied physical anthropology in France under Leonce Manouvrier before working at the Smithsonian Institution from 1902.

Harvard University hired Hooton in 1913: he trained most American physical anthropologists of the coming decades, beginning with Harry L. Shapiro and Carleton S. Coon and struggled to differentiate physical anthropology from racism.

In 1951 Sherwood Washburn, a Hooton alumnus, introduced a " new physical anthropology ", withdrawing from the study of racial typology to concentrate upon the study of human evolution, moving away from classification towards evolutionary process.

Typology in anthropology is the categorization of the human species by physical traits that are readily observable from a distance such as head shape, skin color, hair form, body build and stature.

For Plato, `` imitation '' is twice removed from reality, being a poor copy of physical appearance, which in itself is a poor copy of ideal essence.

His father was a professor at Hartford Theological Seminary, and from him he acquired a conviction, which he passed along to me, that there is in the universe of persons a moral law, the law of love, which is a natural law in the same sense as is the physical law.

The other reason ( and the one with which I am here concerned ) is that one thus becomes inclined to inquire of any opinion, or change of opinion, whether it represents the wisdom of experience or is only the result of the difference between youth and age which is as inevitable as the all too obvious physical differences.

Recognizing the limitations of such a program, the 78th Congress in 1943 passed P. L. 113, which broadened the concept of rehabilitation to include the provision of physical restoration services to remove or reduce disabilities, and which revised the financing structure.

The aspects of physical development that catch the judges' eyes and which rightfully influence their decisions are symmetry and that hallmark of the true champion -- superior definition of the muscles.

Manthey maintained a valuable collection of physical and chemical apparatus which was at Oersted's disposal during and after his graduation.

Although there is no question but that the process of washing fabrics involves a number of phenomena which are related together in an extremely complicated way and that these phenomena and their interrelations are not well understood at the present, this section attempts to present briefly an up-to-date picture of the physical chemistry of washing either fabrics or hard surfaces.

But what is the operational worth of a sociology which mimetically reproduces the idea of physical models??

It has become painfully clear that the very attempt to make the language of social research free of values by erecting mathematical and physical models, is itself a conditioned response to a world which pays a premium price for technological manipulation.

In 1920, the Lambeth Conference repeated its 1908 condemnation of contraception and issued `` an emphatic warning against the use of unnatural means for the avoidance of conception, together with the grave dangers -- physical, moral, and religious -- thereby incurred, and against the evils which the extension of such use threaten the race ''.

After a while, however, a person's mind gets fed up and that magnifies all of the disagreeable physical symptoms which go with that sort of an assignment.

The concept of unity, in which positive and negative are attributes of the same force, in which good and evil are relative, ever-changing, and always joined to the same phenomenon -- such a concept is still reserved to the physical sciences and to the few who have grasped the history of ideas.

The muscular frames and limbs combined with slim waists indicate the Greek desire for health, and the physical capacity which was necessary in the hard Greek environment.

The gluon is a member of the family of gauge bosons, which are elementary particles that mediate physical forces.

It has also been ascribed to Isaac Newton, in the form of a practical method of physical discovery ( which he did not name or formally describe ).

According to Scott Simpson, the Gona Project's physical anthropologist, the fossil evidence from the Middle Awash indicates that both A. kadabba and A. ramidus lived in " a mosaic of woodland and grasslands with lakes, swamps and springs nearby ," but further research is needed to determine which habitat Ardipithecus at Gona preferred.

In October 2010, John Graham-Cumming started a campaign to raise funds by " public subscription " to enable serious historical and academic study of Babbage's plans, with a view to then build and test a fully working virtual design which will then in turn enable construction of the physical Analytical Engine.