Crail probably dates from at least as far back as the Pictish period, as the place-name includes the Pictish / Brythonic element caer, ' fort ', and there is a Dark Age cross-slab preserved in the parish kirk, itself dedicated to the early holy man St. Maelrubha.

The place-name itself is suggestive of the Wrekin hillfort, overlooking the site from the east.

And it is this, particularly the establishment of archaeology and place-name studies on a scientific basis, which are immediately pertinent to the Saxon Shore.

This, naturally, will be difficult to do since both the archaeological and place-name evidence in this period, with some fortunate exceptions, is insufficient for precise chronological purposes.

In many parts of England, " borough " is pronounced as an independent word, and as when a suffix of a place-name.

A number of other European languages have cognate words that were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages, including brog in Irish, bwr or bwrc, meaning " wall, rampart " in Welsh, bourg in French, burg in Catalan ( in Catalonia there is a town named Burg ), borgo in Italian, and burgo in Spanish ( hence the place-name Burgos ).

Asiago is clearly the same place-name as the numerous Azay, Aisy, Azé, Ezy in France, all from * Asiacum < Gaulish * Asiāko ( n )).

In many places in his Historia Regum Britanniae Geoffrey mixes British legend and his own imagination ; it is intriguing that he connects Ambrosius Aurelianus with this prehistoric monument as there is place-name evidence to connect Ambrosius with nearby Amesbury.

It is the only place-name in Normandy that can be interpreted as a-tun one ( English-ton ; cf.

The first probable record of his name is in two Egyptian inscriptions from the 14th and 13th centuries, as a place-name, Yhw in the region of Edom associated with Shashu-Bedouins ".

* a single " s " is often doubled, for example in the adjectival place-name ending which he often spells "- enssis "; this spelling is also used to represent the Arabic " sh ", a sound which Latin lacks, for example in the name Shawar which he spells " Ssauar ".

The St. Lawrence River is partly within the U. S. and as such is that country's sixth oldest surviving European place-name.

" It is the seventh oldest surviving English place-name in the U. S., first applied as " Chesepiook " by explorers heading north from the Roanoke Colony into a Chesapeake tributary in 1585 or 1586.

It is thus the eighth-oldest surviving English place-name in the United States.

The place-name, properly pronounced ' h ' LIG ' n ', and not the commonly heard ' HEL-i-gun ', is derived from the Cornish word < heligenn >, ' willow tree '.

The place-name Bruges is first mentioned as Bruggas, Brvggas, Brvccia in 840-875, then Bruciam, Bruociam in 892, Brutgis uico end 9th century, in portu Bruggensi around 1010, Bruggis in 1012, Bricge in 1037 ( Anglo-Saxon chronicle ), Brugensis in 1046, Brycge 1049-1052 ( ASC ), Brugias in 1072, Bruges in 1080-1085, Bruggas around 1084, Brugis in 1089, Brugge in 1116.

" Maffick " is a back-formation from Mafeking, a place-name that was treated humorously as a gerund or participle.

The place-name Blithehale or Blythenhale, the earliest form of Bethnal Green, is derived from the Anglo-Saxon healh (' angle, nook, or corner ') and blithe (' happy, blithe '), or from a personal name Blitha.

The place-name Harlington is recorded in Anglo-Saxon as Hygereding tun: " Hygerǣd's people's farmstead ".

The place-name Botwell is also Anglo-Saxon ; Bote could mean either " healing " or a person's name ( Bota ), and waelle means a spring or well, so Botwell may mean either a " healing well " or " Bota's well ".

Years ago the district had also been called Ynys Gutrin in Welsh, that is the Island of Glass, and from these words the invading Saxons later coined the place-name ' Glastingebury '.

This place-name is derived of the English noble surname Albemarle, which is the French version of the medieval latinization Albamarla of the town Aumale in Normandy, France.

The place-name Wivenhoe is Saxon in origin, deriving from the personal name Wifa's or Wife's spur or promontory ( hoe ).

Spelt variously Cytringan, Kyteringas and Keteiringan in the 10th century, although the origin of the name appears to have baffled place-name scholars in the 1930s, words and place-names ending with ' ing ' usually derive from the Anglo-Saxon or Old English word inga or ingas meaning ' the people of the ' or ' tribe '.

That Kilrenny is of early Christian origin is suggested both by the Kil-element of the place-name, and by a carved stone with marigold motif ( circa 700?

A number of other European languages have cognate words which were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages, including brog in Irish, bwr or bwrc, meaning " wall, rampart " in Welsh, bourg in French, borgo in Italian, and burgo in Spanish ( hence the place-name Burgos ).

The place-name ' Cromer ' is first attested in 1297 and means ' Crows ' mere or lake '.

The place-name is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086 and means ' horse farm '.

The place-name is now usually pronouced ' Wivvenho ', but the Essex accent would traditionally have rendered it as ' Wivvenhoo '.

The place-name ' Bedlington ' is first attested c. 1050 in a biography of Saint Cuthbert, where it appears as ' Bedlingtun '.

The place-name ' Ottery St Mary ' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as ' Otri ' and ' Otrei '.

The first word moel is a common Welsh place-name element meaning ' a bare hill '.

The village name is derived from a personal name and a place-name element from the Old English language ( Lafan + denu ), and means ' Lafa's valley '.

The place-name ' Bradninch ' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as ' Bradenese '; the name is thought to mean ' broad oak '.

The place-name ' Driffield ' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, and means ' dirty ( manured ) field '.

The place-name ' Wickwar ' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as ' Wichen ', meaning ' dairy farm or settlement '.

The place-name Drum is derived from Gaelic druim, ' ridge '.

Fenn states that the place-name Croft was first recorded in 836, and is derived from the Old English cræft ' craft, a machine, engine '.

The place-name ' Stiffkey ' is first evidenced in the Domesday Book of 1086, and means ' stump island, island with stumps of trees '.

The place-name ' Melton Constable ' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as ' Maeltuna '.

The place-name ' Wickham Bishops ' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as ' Wicham ', meaning ' dwelling place with a ( dairy ) farm '.

The place-name means ' stony ford ' from Old English stanig ' stony ' and ford ' ford '.

The place-name ' Leadgate ' is first attested in 1590 and derives from the Old English ' hlidgeat ', which means ' swing-gate '.

Barrow suggests that it was at present-day Mains of Cardross farm on the outskirts of Dumbarton, beside the River Leven, and certainly the place-name ' Mains ' would appear to derive from ' Manerium '.

' Stowe ' is a common English place-name, hence this was distinguished from others of the same name by the addition of the descriptor ' Nine Churches '.