Besides direct effect of asteroid impacts on a planet's surface topography, global climate and life, recent studies have shown that several consecutive impacts can have effect on the dynamo mechanism at a planet's core responsible for maintaining the magnetic field of the planet, and can eventually shut down the planet's magnetic field.

But the planet's climate is harsh by any standard, with the warmest parts of the world snow-free for only a few weeks out of the year.

The tremendous heat capacity of the oceans moderates the planet's climate, and its absorption of various gases affects the composition of the atmosphere.

With art by Adam Kubert, Jor-El is depicted for the first time with a beard and the design of Kryptonian society is distinct yet again from Birthright and Man of Steel, incorporating elements of Donner's work on the first two Christopher Reeve films, in particular the notion of Krypton's Council threatening Jor-El with harsh penalty of exile to the very Phantom Zone he himself had discovered if he were to make public his predictions of their planet's imminent doom or otherwise attempt to " create a climate of panic.

The polar caps are larger than those on Earth ; the northern cap covers 23 % of the planet's surface and, on the whole, Minbar's climate is colder than that of Earth-more like the climate on Earth during the last Ice Age.

" Infamously known as a " hell world ," the planet's climate is so severe that the " mortality rate among new prisoners is higher than sixty per cent.

As a result of the Centauri bombardment, the Narn homeworld underwent major climate change, as dust blown into the atmosphere reduced the planet's sunlight, lowered the global temperature, and created near-constant windy conditions around the planet.

He continued his father's vision of gradually transforming the planet's climate from a harsh desert into a temperate one.

Professor Crater arrives and doesn't appear happy to see them, telling them that he and his wife don't need a medical examination, and that all they really need are more salt tablets to help them cope with the planet's hot, dry climate.

* The powerful coalition that wants to engineer the world's climate: Businessmen, scientists and right-wing thinktanks are joining forces to promote ' geo-engineering ' ideas to cool the planet's climate Clive Hamilton The Guardian, September 13, 2010

Such understanding can shed light on the nature and evolution of the Martian interior and the planet's climate history.

Lynas argues that as Earth has entered the Anthropocene, and as such humanity is changing the planet's climate, its bio-geochemical cycles, the chemistry of the oceans and the colour of the sky, as well as reducing the number of species.

He recognized over 4 decades ago that human's callous environmental devastations and contamination of the natural environment will adversely affect the planet's natural balance, its ecosystems biodiversity and its biospheric processes ( causing global warming and climate change ).

He was also the first to collect sediment core samples from the bottom of the ocean, a common practice today that helps scientists study changes in the planet's climate and the ocean's thermohaline circulation.

* Demonstrated that changes in the Earth's past climate were linked to changes in the planet's rotation and orbit as well as the sun's output

Using chemical and isotopic analyses, division scientists study samples of air, water, biological remains, rocks and meteorites in order to address a broad range of scientific issues, ranging from the particulate and chemical pollutants emitted by the collapse of the World Trade Center, to changes in earth's past climate, to the fundamental chemical processes involved in the differentiation and formation of the planet's mantle and core.

Aberration is usually larger than a planet's light-time correction except when the planet is near quadrature ( 90 ° from the Sun ), where aberration drops to zero because then the Earth is directly approaching or receding from the planet.

Clark ends up on Krypton, where he is adopted by Jor-El and becomes the planet's Green Lantern.

One of its disadvantages is that it cannot determine a planet's true mass, but can only set a lower limit on that mass.

Perhaps the best-known type of planetary engineering is terraforming, by which a planet's surface conditions are altered to be more like those of Earth.

However, since the Earth reflects about 30 % of the incoming sunlight, the planet's effective temperature ( the temperature of a blackbody that would emit the same amount of radiation ) is about − 18 ° C, about 33 ° C below the actual surface temperature of about 14 ° C.

Doing this by brute force – accelerating in the shortest route to the destination and then, if it is farther from the Sun, decelerating to match the planet's speed – would require an extremely large amount of fuel.

A space elevator is a structure designed to transport material from a planet's surface into orbit.

Based on measurements of the aphelion and perihelion of the Earth and Mars, he created a formula in which a planet's rate of motion is inversely proportional to its distance from the Sun.

* 1967 – Venera program: Venera 4 is launched ( it will become the first space probe to enter another planet's atmosphere and successfully return data ).

Also suppose that this observer is within the plane of the planet's equator.

Though he is a noted criminal on Earth, Luthor is revered on the alien world of Lexor, where he rediscovered the planet's lost technology and rebuilt society for its inhabitants.

Magnesium is the fourth most common element in the Earth as a whole ( behind iron, oxygen and silicon ), making up 13 % of the planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's mantle.

The Martian atmosphere is visible over the planet's limb.

** In the Star Trek: Enterprise episodes " Demons " and " Terra Prime " ( both 2005 ) it is revealed that Mars is in the process of being terraformed by use of the Verteron array which redirects comets to crashland on the planet's surface ; by 2155 the atmosphere had been sufficiently altered so that, in the lowlands, Humans could breathe the air unassisted, though temperatures were still cold enough to require thermal gear.

The magnetopause is where the pressure from the solar wind and the planet's magnetic field are equal.

A magnetic tail or magnetotail is formed by pressure from the solar wind on a planet's magnetosphere.

Second, he found that the orbital speed of each planet is not constant, as had previously been thought, but rather that the speed depends on the planet's distance from the Sun.

In a practical sense, both of these trajectory types mean the object is " breaking free " of the planet's gravity, and " going off into space ".

focal point is actually the barycenter of the Sun-planet system ; for simplicity this explanation assumes the Sun's mass is infinitely larger than that planet's.

The comet had apparently passed extremely close to Jupiter on July 7, 1992, just over above the planet's cloud topsa smaller distance than Jupiter's radius of, and well within the orbit of Jupiter's innermost moon Metis and the planet's Roche limit, inside which tidal forces are strong enough to disrupt a body held together only by gravity.

More exciting for planetary astronomers was that the best orbital solutions suggested that the comet would pass within of the center of Jupiter, a distance smaller than the planet's radius, meaning that there was an extremely high probability that SL9 would collide with Jupiter in July 1994.

It comprises more than 99. 5 % of all the mass known to orbit Neptune, including the planet's rings and twelve other known moons, and is also more massive than all known moons in the Solar System smaller than itself combined.

It is also one of the three moons in the Solar System known to orbit its planet in less than the length of that planet's day, the other two being Jupiter's Adrastea and Mars's Phobos.

The boreal forest ecosystem is one of the planet's great atmospheric regulators and it stores more carbon than any other biome on the planet.

In another case, a starship stood by and watched as the loss of a planet's atmosphere was about to wipe out the last remaining members of a primitive civilization, rather than interfere to save their lives.

Amalthea's orbital period is only slightly longer than its parent planet's day ( about 20 % in this case ), which means it would cross Jupiter's sky very slowly.

Because of a planet's rotation around its own axis, the gravitational acceleration is less at the equator than at the poles.

If the dust disk is instead being generated from the outer debris disk, rather than from collisions in an asteroid belt, then no constraints on the planet's orbital eccentricity are needed to explain the dust distribution.

The new Baator is shaped like a planet, with each layer taking the form of a continent-sized cavern deeper within the planet's crust than the previous one.

Aviation sectionals ( maps / charts ) and databases used for air navigation are based on True north rather than magnetic north, and the constant and significant slight changes in the actual location of magnetic north and local irregularities in the planet's magnetic field require that charts and databases be updated at least 2 times per year to reflect the current magnetic variation correction from True north.

A later novel sees word getting out that almost half of the Trill population was suitable for joining and the joined Trill who had led the planet's culture and society for hundreds of years was no more special than the others.

The United Nations Security Council, in response to a resurgent Magneto, voted to activate the " Magneto Protocols " — a satellite network, in slightly lower orbit than Avalon, which skews the Earth's magnetic field enough to prevent Magneto from using his powers within, preventing him from returning to the planet's surface.

Over 60 % of the sea is more than a mile deep and it forms the planet's most mysterious habitat.

The Amazon represents more than half the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world.

In 2007, it was calculated that DNA and RNA damage by cosmic radiation would limit life on Mars to depths greater than 7. 5 metres below the planet's surface.

In particular, if vulcanoids exist or did exist in the past, they would represent an additional population of impactors that have affected no other planet but Mercury, making that planet's surface appear older than it actually is.

The space fountain has some advantages over a space elevator in that it does not require materials with extreme strength, can be located at any point on a planet's surface instead of just the lower latitudes, and can be raised to heights lower than the level of geostationary orbit.

In addition, it was found that the planet's ecosystem was recovering faster and with more vigor than the scientific community anticipated.