The stamens are usually found around the style, either aggregated densely or fused into a tube, probably an adaptation in association with the plunger ( brush ; or secondary ) pollination that is common among the families of the order, wherein pollen is collected and stored on the length of the pistil.

It is estimated that one third of the human food supply depends on insect pollination, most of which is accomplished by bees, especially the domesticated European honey bee.

However, when observing the native bees in the Canterbury province in the South Island, the scientists were astonished to see the bees biting the top off the buds, then pushing with their legs, occasionally popping open the buds to allow the bees to harvest the nectar and pollen, and therefore aid in the pollination of the mistletoe which is in decline in New Zealand.

The only way to produce fruits without the bees is artificial pollination.

And today, even in Mexico, hand pollination is used extensively.

The parentage information, however, does not reveal how old the grape variety is, i. e., when the pollination of a Mondeuse Blanche vine by Dureza took place, leading to the original Syrah seed plant.

Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted.

Although bats, butterflies and hummingbirds are not pollen eaters per se, their consumption of nectar in flowers is an important aspect of the pollination process.

In addition, mutualism is thought to have driven the evolution of much of the biological diversity we see, such as flower forms ( important for pollination mutualisms ) and co-evolution between groups of species.

This is similar to pollination in that the plant produces food resources ( for example, fleshy fruit, overabundance of seeds ) for animals that disperse the seeds ( service ).

Male and female flowers must be open simultaneously for pollination to occur, hence successful pollination is quite rare and some species may be endangered.

Although apomixis may occur in some cultivars, research has shown that rambutan, like lychee, is dependent upon insects for pollination.

In Malaysia, where only about one percent of the female flowers set fruit, research revealed that no fruit is set on bagged flowers while hand pollination resulted in 13 percent fruit set.

These studies further suggest that pollinators may maintain a fidelity to either male or hermaphroditic flowers ( trees ), thus limiting pollination and fruit set under natural conditions where crossing between male and female flowers is required.

In Thailand, A. cerana is the preferred species for small scale pollination of rambutan.

Its hair is also helpful in pollination where pollen can be hooked on and transported to female flowers.

Typically, blue-flowered species predominate in the Northern Hemisphere, with red-flowered species dominant in the Andes ( where bird pollination is probably more heavily favored by natural selection ).

The value of these pollination services is commonly measured in the billions of dollars.

The acorns mature in about 18 months after pollination ; solitary or in pairs, sessile or stalked ; nut oblong-ovoid with broad flat base, full, with acute apex, one half to one and one-fourth of an inch long, first green, maturing nut-brown ; cup, saucer-shaped and shallow, 2 cm ( 0. 8 in ) wide, usually covering only the base, sometimes one-fourth of the nut, thick, shallow, reddish brown, somewhat downy within, covered with thin imbricated reddish brown scales.

Citrus fruits are usually self-fertile ( needing only a bee to move pollen within the same flower ) or parthenocarpic ( not needing pollination and therefore seedless, such as the satsuma ).

Biotic pollen vectors are animals, usually insects, but also reptiles, birds, mammals, and sundry others, that routinely transport pollen and play a role in pollination.

When cultivating genetically modified ( GM ) plants or livestock, it becomes necessary to prevent " genetic pollution " i. e. their genetic modification from reaching other conventionally hybridized or wild native plant and animal populations by using gene flow mitigation usually through unintentional cross pollination and crossbreeding.

Honey bees are usually the most widely chosen insects in most managed pollination situations.

Following pollination, petals will usually undergo senescence ( i. e. wilt and disintegrate ) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them.

Artificial pollination is usually achieved by first mixing the pollen with water.

These F1 hybrids are usually created by means of controlled pollination, sometimes by hand-pollination.

Bees that are used for pollination are usually fed in the holding yards.

The sulcus is a furrow which runs along the surface of the pollen grain and is usually the site at which pollination occurs.

Increasingly certain species of insects are managed and used to intervene where natural pollination or biological control is insufficient, usually due to human disturbance of the balance of nature.

Other species of bees differ in various details of their behavior and pollen-gathering habits, and it should be remembered that honey bees are not native to the Western Hemisphere ; all pollination of native plants in the Americas has been historically performed by various native bees.

In zoophily, pollination is performed by vertebrates such as birds and bats, particularly, hummingbirds, sunbirds, spiderhunters, honeyeaters, and fruit bats.

While pollination has not yet been observed in action, it is generally expected that the pollinator is either a fly attracted to the flower's unpleasant smell or some nocturnal insect, as no extensive study has been performed to observe potential nighttime pollinators.

He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects.

White oaks are unable to discriminate against pollination by other species in the same section.

Appearing on the scene before the bees did, the flowers evolved to encourage pollination by beetles.

* Effects of pollination on Citrus plants Pollination of Citrus by Honey Bees

The male flowers emerge first, followed shortly afterward by the female flowers, which grow into capitula, which are capable of pollination just three days later.

* Pollination management – horticultural practices that accomplish or enhance pollination of a crop, to improve yield or quality, by understanding of the particular crop's pollination needs, and by knowledgeable management of pollenizers, pollinators, and pollination conditions.

When being grown for seed, cabbages must be isolated from other B. oleracea subspecies, including the wild varieties, by to prevent cross pollination.

It has been suggested that yields could be increased via improved orchard management, including pollination, and by planting high yielding compact cultivars.

Fig species are characterized by their unique inflorescence and distinctive pollination syndrome, which utilizes wasp species belonging to the Agaonidae family for pollination.

However, there are several commercial and ornamental varieties of fig that are parthenocarpic and do not require pollination ; these varieties are not visited by fig wasps.

A side effect or externality associated with her activity is the pollination of surrounding crops by the bees.