Edmund submitted to the papal demands and, early in 1240 paid to the pope's agents one fifth of his revenue, which had been levied for the pope's war against Emperor Frederick II.

Abbreviator, plural Abbreviators in English or Abbreviatores in Latin, also called Breviators, were a body of writers in the papal chancery, whose business was to sketch out and prepare in due form the pope's bulls, briefs and consistorial decrees before these are written out in extenso by the scriptores.

Popes also contended with the cardinals, who sometimes attempted to assert the authority of councils over the pope's.

* " Triregnum ", also called the " tiara " or " triple crown ", represents the pope's three functions as " supreme pastor ", " supreme teacher " and " supreme priest ".

" All this would be in contrast, however, with the pope's insistence on bishops knowing Catholic theology and as being contrary to the Catholic teaching on witchcraft or sorcery as also seen in both the Old and New Testaments and early Church councils ( Catholic Encyclopedia, article " Witchcraft ").

William received confirmation from Pope Agapetus II and also the title of Apostolic Vicar of Germany, a title which made the archbishops of Mainz the pope's deputies in Germany and granted the archdiocese of Mainz the title of Holy See.

Norris also described the pope's position as " calculated and deliberate wickedness " because he " closes down scholarly enquiry " and because he " marginalised all the wonderful people like Oscar Romero, Leonardo Boff, Hans Kung, Charles Curran, all these marvellous people who are the future and the hope of the Church and, instead, put into place these mindless bureaucrats, which is intensely sad.

Theobald had a number of reasons for defying the king: chiefly his obedience to the pope's order commanding his attendance, but also to keep the papacy from favouring the newly elected Archbishop of York, Henry Murdac, in the disputes between York and Canterbury.

He also took up the flute again, and was appointed one of the pope's court musicians.

* The same Pope also placed the kingdom of England under an interdict for five years between 1208 and 1213, after King John refused to accept the pope's appointee Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury.

The Roman Catholic Church's current official teachings about papal privilege and power that are unacceptable to the Eastern Orthodox churches are the dogma of the pope's infallibility when speaking officially " from the chair of Peter ( ex cathedra Petri )" on matters of faith and morals to be held by the whole Church, so that such definitions are irreformable " of themselves, and not by the consent of the Church " ( ex sese et non ex consensu ecclesiae ) and have a binding character for all ( Catholic ) Christians in the world ; the pope's direct episcopal jurisdiction over all ( Catholic ) Christians in the world ; the pope's authority to appoint ( and so also to depose ) the bishops of all ( Catholic ) Christian churches except in the territory of a patriarchate ; and the affirmation that the legitimacy and authority of all ( Catholic ) Christian bishops in the world derive from their union with the Roman see and its bishop, the Supreme Pontiff, the unique Successor of Peter and Vicar of Christ on earth.

The glass-enclosed rear of the vehicle also has room for two papal aides who can sit in the area in front of the pope's elevated chair.

The pope's ordinary dress ( also called house dress ), which is worn for daily use outside of liturgical functions, consists of a white simar ( cassock with a shoulder cape attached to it ) girded with the fringed white fascia ( often with the papal coat of arms embroidered on it ), the pectoral cross suspended from a gold cord, the red papal shoes, and the white zucchetto.

While most other clergy wear a black cappello romano, the pope's is usually red ( although it may also be white ).

" Cardinal Ratzinger also told of John Paul's life as a bishop, cardinal, and pope, frequently applying scripture to the pope's life.

He also conducted the first book-length interview with Pope John Paul II, published under the pope's authorship with the title Crossing the Threshold of Hope ( 1994 ).

By report, Annibale could not receive Cardinal Scipione Borghese, slipping out of a back door when he came to the studio ; but Antonio was introduced to the pope's Prodatario, Cardinal Tonti, also an avid collector.

His two well-known letters to Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini ( later Pius II ) about the pope's relations to the Council of Basel are printed among the works of Pius II Piccolomini, in his letters, describes Cesarini as unfortunate in war, but he also says the cardinal went straight to heaven upon being martyred by the Turks.

He was also influenced by the pope's anti-communism and anti-atheism.

The right to enter the conclave of cardinals who elect the pope is now limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years on the day of the pope's death or resignation.

At that time he was painting the large-sized " Christ absconding from the Jews " ( 1858 ), a commission from Pius IX, and an allegory on the pope's escape 1848 from Rome in disguise as a regular priest, originally on a ceiling in the Quirinal Palace, later covered by the king, and now hanging in front of the Aula delle Benedizione in the Vatican.

But when the situation was so complicated that even Nogaret, one of the principal actors in the drama, could misinterpret the pope's motives, it is possible that Othon and his companions, equally baffled, attributed their difficulties to a more immediate cause.

But all the reports of this first embassy show that the two Savoyards were the heads of it, for they were the only ones who were empowered to swear for the king that he would abide by the pope's decision and who were allowed to appoint deputies in the event that one was unavoidably absent.

Lichten labelled any criticism of the pope's actions during World War II as " a stupefying paradox " and said, " no one who reads the record of Pius XII's actions on behalf of Jews can subscribe to Hochhuth's accusation.

He owed his elevation partly to the fact that no one was eager to accept an office the duties of which were at the time so difficult and dangerous, but chiefly to his being the friend and pupil of Bernard of Clairvaux, the most influential ecclesiastic of the Western Church and a strong assertor of the pope's temporal authority.

The monastery was disturbed for a time because of the pope's rejection of the Bishop-elect of Utrecht, Rudolf van Diepholt ; otherwise, Thomas's life was a quiet one, his time being spent between devotional exercises, composition, and copying.

In October 1098, Urban II, who had consecrated the Basilica in 1089, convened the Council of Bari, one of a series of synods convoked with the intention of reconciling the Greeks and Latins on the question of the filioque clause in the Creed, which Anselm ably defended, seated at the pope's side.

Churches designated as papal basilicas, in particular, possess a papal throne and a papal high altar, at which no one may celebrate Mass without the pope's permission.

Winchelsey vigorously asserted his authority over his suffragan, or subordinant bishops, quarrelled with Pope Boniface VIII over a Sussex living, and was excommunicated by one of the pope's clerks in 1301.

In 1366 and for some years after, it was refused on the grounds of the pope's obstinacy Evidently, however, the payment survived or was revived in some localities, because it was one of many payments abolished by Act of Parliament in the 25th year of Henry VIII's reign.

Concerning the role of the clergy, Jewel on the one hand rails against the Roman Catholic practices of sacerdotalism and refutes the pope's claim to be the “ vicar general of Christ ,” but on the other hand maintains a need for specially called clergy.

They received the approval of Pope Leo XIII who asked " Father John " to preach on the basis of one of the pope's encyclicals.

The state, represented by the emperor Phocas, is persuaded to connive at the pope's assumption of spiritual authority ; the other churches are intimidated into acquiescence ; Lucifer's projects seem fully accomplished, when Heaven raises up Henry VIII of England and his son for their overthrow.

First Council of the Vatican ( 1870 ; officially, 1870 – 1960 ) defined pope's primacy in church governance and his infallibility, repudiated rationalism, materialism and atheism, addressed revelation, interpretation of scripture and the relationship of faith and reason.

This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a pope has been elected ; this was prompted by the three-year Sede Vacante following the death of Pope Clement IV in 1268.

An arrangement was effected, however, whereby that summons was cancelled, and Luther went instead to Augsburg in October 1518 to meet the papal legate, Cardinal Cajetan ; but neither the arguments of the cardinal, nor Leo's dogmatic papal bull of 9 November requiring all Christians to believe in the pope's power to grant indulgences, moved Luther to retract.

Later that year, the French Assembly of the Bishops voted to condemn Arnauld's distinction between the pope's ability to bind the mind of believers in matters of doctrine but not in matters of fact ; they asked Pope Alexander VII to condemn Arnauld's proposition as heresy.

Archbishop Wichmann ( 1152 – 92 ) was more important as a sovereign and prince of the Holy Roman Empire than as a bishop ; Albrecht II ( 1205 – 32 ) quarrelled with Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg ( 1198 – 1215 ), because he had pronounced the pope's ban against the latter and this war greatly damaged the archbishopric.

With the pope's blessing the counter-attack from Charles was not long in coming ; his fleet from Naples arrived and blockaded the port of Messina and made several attempts to land troops on the island, but all were repulsed.

The Church of France had upheld and practised them at all times ; the Church Universal had believed and practised them of old, until about the tenth century ; St. Louis had supported, but not created, them by the Pragmatic Sanction ; the Council of Constance had taught them with the pope's approbation.

James II had in 1686 conferred the deanery of Christ Church at Oxford on John Massey, a person whose sole qualification was that he was a member of the Church of Rome ; and the king had boasted to the pope's legate that " what he had done at Oxford would very soon be done at Cambridge.

During the twentieth century the use of the hammer in this ritual has been abandoned ; under Universi Dominici Gregis, the Camerlengo must merely declare the pope's death in the presence of the Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations, and of the Cleric Prelates, Secretary and Chancellor of the Apostolic Camera.

At first he was vastly pleased with the city and court of Rome ; but his satisfaction turned to discontent, and he gave vent to his ill-humour in a venomous satire on the pope's treasurer, Milliardo Cicala.