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Page "History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (Middle Ages)" ¶ 26
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pope and however
John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.
; Cardinal: In Roman Catholicism, a cardinal is a member of the clergy appointed by the pope to serve in the College of Cardinals, the body empowered to elect the pope ; however, on turning 80 a cardinal loses this right of election.
Pius V ( pope 1566 – 1572 ), however, while sanctioning those which could show at least 200 years of existence, made the Roman obligatory in all other places.
The Dean of the College of Cardinals, the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, is elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the pope.
Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome ( the Latin cardo means " hinge ").
Unable, however, to resist the urging of Charles V, the pope, after proposing Mantua as the place of meeting, convened the council at Trent ( at that time a free city of the Holy Roman Empire under a prince-bishop ), on December 13, 1545 ; the Pope's decision to transfer it to Bologna in March, 1547 on the pretext of avoiding a plague failed to take effect and the Council was indefinitely prorogued on 17 September 1549.
The whole, however, may be judged from this fragment: " We Irish, though dwelling at the far ends of the earth, are all disciples of St. Peter and St. Paul ... we are bound to the Chair of Peter, and although Rome is great and renowned, through that Chair alone is she looked on as great and illustrious among us ... On account of the two Apostles of Christ, you pope are almost celestial, and Rome is the head of the whole world, and of the Churches ".
A weaker or more moderate form of this political theory does hold, however, that the king is subject to the church and the pope, although completely irreproachable in other ways ; but according to this doctrine in its strong form, only God can judge an unjust king.
The most distinguished of his sons was however Giovanni Gaetano ( died 1280 ): elected pope as Nicholas III, he named the nephew Bertoldo ( died 1289 ) as count of Romagna and had two nephews and a brother created cardinals.
Honorius, however, was most concerned about the former papal stronghold at Fumone, which the nobles, who held it in the pope ’ s name, had decided to keep possession of.
The work of the pope was, however, quickly interrupted by the controversies to which the question of the readmittance of the lapsi into the Church gave rise.
Cervini was not, however, consecrated bishop until the day he himself was elected pope.
The Apostolic Brief of his appointment, however, came from the new pope, Julius III on 24 May 1550, and he was named not Vatican Librarian, but Bibliothecarius Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae because he was the first Cardinal to be in charge of the library.
There is no direct evidence, however, to support the contention that Nogaret poisoned the pope.
Today, however, due to his involvement in the murders of Benedict VI and John XIV, he is not regarded as a valid pope.
The 4th century church historian Eusebius, however, states in his Chronicon that Sixtus I was pope from 114 to 124, while his Historia Ecclesiastica, using a different list, claims that Sixtus ' rule was from 114 to 128.
The Holy Roman Emperor Lothair I, however, disapproved of this abandonment of the Constitutio Romana of 824, which included a statute that no pope should be consecrated until his election had the approval of the Frankish emperor.
Kublai Khan sends the Polos back with a message requesting the pope dispatch western scholars to teach in the Mongol Empire ; however, this request is largely ignored.
This attitude, however, which at first won him the confidence of the pope, was abandoned as soon as he defeated the Saxons at the First Battle of Langensalza on 9 June 1075 ( also called the Battle of Homburg or Battle of Hohenburg ).
The death of Giuliano in March 1516, however, caused the pope to transfer his ambitions to Lorenzo.
Papal diplomacy in the interests of peace failed, however ; Cardinal Wolsey made England, not the pope, the arbiter between France and the Empire ; and much of the money collected for the crusade from tithes and indulgences was spent in other ways.
The pope or his legate, however, took no steps to remove abuses or otherwise reform the Scandinavian churches.
In 1588, however, the pope issued the papal bull, " Effraenatam " ( Without Restraint ), which declared that the canonical penalty of excommunication would be levied for any form of contraception and for abortions at any stage in fetal development.

pope and rejected
The French Huguenot nobles and clergy, having rejected the pope and the Catholic Church, were left only with the supreme power of the king who, they taught, could not be gainsaid or judged by anyone.
Other Catholic historians, such as Warren Carroll, dispute this view, arguing that the pope rejected the council.
The Roman consul Cencius now suggested the election of Odo, Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia ( afterwards pope Urban II ), but this was rejected by some of the cardinals on the grounds that the translation of a bishop was contrary to ecclesiastical law.
The pope was won over by the calculated conduct of Caelestius, and said that it was not certain whether he had really maintained the false doctrine rejected by Innocent, and therefore Zosimus considered the action of the African bishops against Caelestius too hasty.
When its contents were read to the clergy and people in the church of St. Mary Major in 656, they not only rejected the letter with indignation, but would not allow the pope to leave the basilica until he had promised that he would not on any account accept it.
In March 1761, shortly after his death, Pope Clement XIII rejected the succession of Clemens August's brother Cardinal John Theodore of Bavaria as Archbishop and Prince-Elector of Cologne since the pope entertained some doubt on John Theodore's " moral conduct ".
Initially the Italian government had offered to let the pope keep the Leonine City, but the Pope rejected the offer because acceptance would have been an implied endorsement of the legitimacy of the Italian kingdom's rule over his former domain.
The pope, however, rejected the agreement, likely because he wished to preserve his own primacy, and substituted his own.
The emperor's fears as to the political purpose of the league were, for the time being, set aside, but at the same time a council which would include representatives of the pope was rejected and measures were taken to secure the permanence of the Protestant cause in the future.
In Bulgaria the activities of the papal legate Bishop Formosus ( later Pope Formosus ) met with success, until the pope rejected Boris ' request to nominate Formosus archbishop of Bulgaria.
During the debate on that matter, on 25 November, Cardinal de Lomenie wrote a letter claiming that the clergy could be excused from taking the Oath if they lacked mental assent ; that stance was to be rejected by the pope 23 February 1791.
It is hardly conceivable that a pope should allow any group of bishops the privilege of calling his infallibility in question, putting his doctrinal decisions upon trial, to be accepted or rejected ; or that he would grant any kings the privilege of suppressing or curtailing his liberty of communication with the faithful in a certain territory.
Although he initially proceeded with this, von Malberg then rejected the demand and appealed to the pope.
Among Laynez ’ s other speeches during the third period of the Council are ( 1 ) perhaps the most controversial speech of the entire Council, in which he argued that the power of the bishop was received through the mediation of the pope and not directly from God ( October 20, 1562 ), and ( 2 ) a speech in which he committed a rare theological error – he doubted the ability of the Church to invalidate clandestine marriages ( August 23, 1563 ), a position rejected by the 24th Session of the Council in Chapter 1 of its Decree on the Reformation of Marriage.
Many Neo-Guelphists thought that Giovanni Mastai-Ferretti ( elected pope Pius IX in 1846 ) would boost their cause, but he rejected their movement.
Wilfrid rejected this compromise and once more appealed to the pope.
After the First Vatican Council in 1870 considerable groups of Austrian, German and Swiss Catholics rejected the declaration of papal infallibility and left to form their own churches independent of the pope.
Constantia rejected this gift from the pope as insufficient.

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