Henry IV restored the charter granted to Gibraltar in 1310 and took two additional measures: the lands previously belonging to Algeciras ( destroyed in 1369 ) were granted to Gibraltar ; and the status of collegiate church was solicited from the pope Pius II and granted to the parish church of Saint Mary the Crowned (), now the Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned, on the site of the old main Moorish Mosque.

As he had previously promised to be subservient to Clement, he made extensive concessions to the pope in 1347.

He was the last pope to use a papal name which had not been previously used until Pope John Paul I did so in 1978.

In 1274, at the Second Council of Lyon, he confirmed by an oath in the emperor's name that that confession of faith which had been previously sent to Constantinople by the pope had been adopted by the Greeks.

In the end, the papacy arranged a settlement that left the abbey dependent on the pope direct, but gave the archbishop spiritual authority over the churches of the Isle of Thanet, which had previously been held by the abbey.

Several of the bishops united both offices: Wilcharius ( 764-780 ), previously Archbishop of Vienne, whence he had been driven by the Moors ; St. Alteus, who received from the pope a bull of exemption in favor of the monastery ( 780 ); Aimo II, son of Count Humbert I of Savoy, who entertained Leo IX at Saint-Maurice in 1049.

The species was first classified as Pavo muticus by Carolus Linnaeus, although it was previously described in Europe by Ulisse Aldrovandi as " Pavo Iaponensis " based on a Japanese painting given to the pope from the Emperor of Japan.

Pope Benedict XVI maintained those changes and also shortened, as explained below, the ceremony of homage previously paid at a papal inauguration by each cardinal individually, repeating the " act of homage and obedience " made in the conclave to the new pope before the announcement of his election to the people.

All decisions of the sacred congregations require pontifical approval, unless special powers have been given previously by the pope.

One often cited example, though perhaps not Luther's chief concern, is a condemnation of the selling of indulgences ; another prominent point within the 95 Theses is Luther's disagreement both with the way in which the higher clergy, especially the pope, used and abused power, and with the very idea of the pope.

The earliest recorded use of the title " pope " in English dates to the mid-10th century, when it was used in reference to Pope Vitalian in an Old English translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People.

On at least one occasion the title " Vicar of God " ( a reference to Christ as God ) was used of the pope.

It became reserved for the pope in the 12th century and is used in papal bulls and similar important papal documents.

* Umbraculum ( better known in the Italian form ombrellino ) is a canopy or umbrella consisting of alternating red and gold stripes, which used to be carried above the pope in processions.

Pacepa indicated that he was involved in contacting eastern bloc agents close the Vatican in order to fabricate the story to be used for the attack against the wartime pope.

It was an advantage to the pope that the great sums of money he collected could be used according to Boniface's own judgment.

The Catholic Encyclopedia allows that " Ludovico, it is true, advanced the interests of his family in every possible way, but he also used his brilliant talents and his great influence for the welfare of the Church, and was sincerely devoted to the pope.

Upon election to pope he adopted the name Sixtus – a name that had not been used since the 5th century.

* 1265 – Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope and later for papal bulls.

The pope had repeatedly used the rich northern benefices to reward members of the Roman curia, and towards the close of the year 1516 he sent the impolitic Arcimboldi as papal nuncio to Denmark to collect money for St Peter's.

* Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope and later for papal bulls.

As pope his nationalism was a driving force ; he used the office to preserve some liberties in the face of fourfold foreign occupation.

:" The first pope who used it in an official act and relied upon it, was Leo IX ; in a letter of 1054 to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, he cites the " Donatio " to show that the Holy See possessed both an earthly and a heavenly imperium, the royal priesthood.

The first pope who used it in an official act and relied upon, Leo IX, cites the " Donatio " in a letter of 1054 to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, to show that the Holy See possessed both an earthly and a heavenly imperium, the royal priesthood.

Pontifical gloves are liturgical ornaments used primarily by the pope, the cardinals, and bishops.

The most famous occasion when the triple tiara was used was the papal coronation, a six-hour ceremony, when the new pope was carried in state on the sedia gestatoria ( portable throne-see image of Pope John XXIII, left ), with attendants fanning the pontiff with ostrich-feathered flabella to the location of the coronation.

Ronald Reagan used other prominent Catholics in his government to brief the pope during the Cold War.

Papal bulls were originally issued by the pope for many kinds of communication of a public nature, but by the thirteenth century, papal bulls were only used for the most formal or solemn of occasions.

Until the pope either formally revokes Christchurch's designation ( which, given its historic status and significance for Dubliners, is unlikely ), or grants cathedral status to another church ( which is much more likely ), the main Roman Catholic church in Dublin will continue to be the " pro-cathedral " ( meaning in effect acting cathedral ), a title officially given to St Mary's Church in 1886, though it used that title unofficially since the 1820s.

The pope treated Mantegna with less liberality than he had been used to at the Mantuan court ; but all things considered their connection, which ceased in 1500, was not unsatisfactory to either party.

After Hallam's death the cardinals were able to secure the immediate election of a new pope, Martin V, who was elected on 11 November: it has been said that the abandonment of the reformers by the English was due entirely to Hallam's death ; but it is more likely that Henry V, foreseeing the possible need for a change of front, had given Hallam discretionary powers which the bishop's successors used.

During the early centuries of Christianity the title " pope " was applied generally to all bishops ; it now has more specific meanings that vary between churches.

On the fourth day after the death of Gelasius II, February I, 1119, owing mainly to the exertions of Cardinal Cuno, Guido was elected pope and assumed the title of Callistus II.

Peter never bore the title of " pope ", which came into use three centuries later, but Catholics traditionally recognize him as the first pope, while official declarations of the Church only speak of the popes as holding within the college of the Bishops a role analogous to that held by Peter within the college of the Apostles, of which the college of the Bishops, a distinct entity, is the successor.

The pope named Methodius archbishop of Sirmium with jurisdiction over Great Moravia and Pannonia, thus superseding the claims of Salzburg by an older title.

The period from 1377 to 1417 when there were rival claimants to the title of pope is referred to as the " Western Schism " or " the great controversy of the antipopes " by some Roman Catholic scholars and " the second great schism " by many secular and Protestant historians.

In 1508, Maximilian, with the assent of Pope Julius II, took the title Erwählter Römischer Kaiser (" Elected Roman Emperor "), thus ending the centuries-old custom that the Holy Roman Emperor had to be crowned by the pope.

The Encyclopædia Britannica says that Pope Leo I ( 440 – 461 ) assumed the title Pontifex Maximus, while other sources say Gregory I ( 590 – 604 ) was the first pope to employ the title in a formal sense.

The pope responded that the real power should have the royal title as well.

Baldus was the master of Pierre Roger de Beaufort, who became pope under the title of Gregory XI, and whose immediate successor, Urban VI, summoned Baldus to Rome to assist him by his consultations in 1380 against the anti-pope Clement VII.

Many of them afterwards attained high positions in the Church ; one possible student, Anselm of Badagio, became pope under the title of Alexander II ; another, Anselm of Bec succeeded Lanfranc as the Archbishop of Canterbury.

When Frederick II died in the same year, he passed Sicily and Germany, as well as the title of Jerusalem, to Conrad, but the struggle with the pope continued.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest recorded use of the title " pope " in English is in an Old English translation ( c. 950 ) of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People:

: The pope wears upon his pontifical crown in jeweled letters, this title: " Vicarius Filii Dei ," " Viceregent of the Son of God ;" the numerical value of which title is just six hundred and sixty-six The most plausible supposition we have ever seen on this point is that here we find the number in question.

Already ruler of wide possessions in Piedmont, Robert's prestige increased further when in 1317 the pope named him Senator of Rome, and when he became Lord of Genoa ( 1318 – 34 ) and Brescia ( 1319 ) and from 1317 onwards held the resounding papal title of vicar general of all Italy, during the absence in Italy of the Holy Roman Emperor, vacante imperio.

The last man to hold the title of proper Roman emperor and to be crowned by the pope ( although in Bologna, not Rome ) was Charles V. All his successors bore only a title of " emperor-elect ".