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The popes — Pius IX ( died 1878 ) and his successors Leo XIII ( reigned 1878 – 1903 ), St Pius X ( 1903 – 14 ), Benedict XV ( 1914 – 22 ) and ( from 1922 until the issue was resolved in 1929 ) Pius XI — refused to accept this unilateral decision, which, they felt, could be reversed by the same power that granted it, and which did not ensure that their decisions would be clearly seen to be free from interference by a political power.
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popes and —
Machiavelli was born in a tumultuous era — popes waged acquisitive wars against Italian city-states, and people and cities might fall from power at any time.
Although Pius V is often credited with the origin of the Pope's white garments — supposedly because after his election Pius continued to wear his white Dominican habit — this claim must be regarded as legendary on account of the great number of contemporary portraits of earlier popes wearing the same white cassock he supposedly inaugurated.
But it would be going quite too far to see in rationalism Berengar's main standpoint, to attribute to him the deliberate design of subverting all religious authority — Scripture, the Fathers, popes, and councils.
In the 9th century, with the consent of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, it passed under the popes ; but by the 11th century its commune was asserting itself, and for many centuries the city continued to maintain an independent life, warring against many of the neighbouring lands and cities — Foligno, Assisi, Spoleto, Todi, Siena, Arezzo etc.
The reformers believed that human beings — even saints canonized by the Roman Catholic Church, the popes, and the ecclesiastical hierarchy — are not worthy of the glory that was accorded them.
For the more moderate among them, Gallican ideas and liberties were simply privileges — concessions made by the popes, who had been quite willing to divest themselves of a part of their authority in favour of the bishops or kings or France.
Not any individual, be it noted, but those in positions of command: emperors, princes and popes who may be counted on to act always in terms of their self-interest — the famous Guicciardinian particolare .” In the following excerpt, the historian records his observations on the character of Pope Clement VII:
They produced one pope from among their number — John XIII — and controlled most of the others, whom the leaders of the Crescentii installed as puppet popes.
The ceremony began with the Pope and the cardinals kneeling at the Tomb of Saint Peter beneath the high altar of Saint Peter's Basilica — the popes are, according to Catholic dogma, the successors of Saint Peter, the first head of the Church in Rome — to give him homage, and ask his prayers.
By the opening of the 14th century, the main activity of the Peruzzi had switched to wholesale commodities trading on a very large scale, especially in grain exported from the Angevine Kingdom of Naples to the central Italian cities — for which they were granted a monopoly — and to banking, the field for which they are remembered: popes, nobles, bourgeois, towns and abbeys drew loans from the Peruzzi.
popes and Pius
Formerly these offices as well as those of the other chancery officers from the Regent down were occasions of venality, until popes, especially Benedict XIV and Pius VII, gradually abolish that.
Only three other popes – Pius IX, Leo XIII, and John Paul II – have reigned for longer periods since.
Its most important achievements were the registration at its eleventh sitting ( 9 December 1516 ) of the abolition of the pragmatic sanction, which the popes since Pius II had unanimously condemned, and the confirmation of the concordat between Leo X and Francis I, which was destined to regulate the relations between the French Church and the Holy See until the French Revolution.
The Palazzo del Quirinale was the residence of the popes until 1870, though Napoleon deported both Pius VI and Pius VII to France, and declared the Quirinale an imperial palace.
In the 18th and 19th centuries Pope Pius VI and Pope Pius VII were born in the city, which also had Pope Pius VIII as bishop, gaining the title of " city of the three popes ".
That, combined with the existence of a range of lightweight tiaras from earlier popes, meant that no pope since Pius X in 1908 needed to make his own special lightweight tiara.
Among the Gregorian's notable alumni are seventeen popes, including Pope Gregory XV, Pope Urban VIII, Pope Innocent X, Pope Clement XI, Pope Leo XIII, Pope Pius XII, Pope Paul VI, and Pope John Paul I.
The book also analyzes, in detail, the actions of numerous popes and other prominent figures of Catholic Church history, especially those who advocated anti-Jewish policies and those who tried to reign in official anti-Semitism, including St. Augustine, Bernard of Clairvaux, Nicholas of Cusa, Innocent III, Paul IV, Pius IX, Pius XII, John XXIII and John Paul II.
The popes, especially Pius II lobbied for the repeal of the Pragmatic Sanction ; and the French crown used promises of repeal as an inducement to the papacy to embrace policies favoring its interests.
The Gammarelli tailor shop in Rome, for example, has outfitted seven popes beginning with Pius IX in 1846, and is a cherished tradition for the hierarchy.
This has been the case through the centuries, and more recently with popes such as Venerable Pius XII, Paul VI and Blessed John Paul II, who stated that he received his first Brown Scapular of Mount Carmel at age ten when his Marian devotion was taking shape and he continued to wear it into his papacy.
Bawden was elected by a group of six lay, which included himself and his parents, who had come to believe that the Catholic Church had seceded from the Catholic faith, and that there had been no legitimate popes elected since the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958.
Bawden and the rest of his supporters ' view is that these popes had incurred automatic excommunication as modernists, in accordance with the laws of Pope Pius X.
Two previous popes stayed at the Residence as cardinals: Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli, who became Pope Pius XII ; and Giovanni Cardinal Montini, who became Pope Paul VI.
Three popes have been elected from former conclavists, including Pope Pius VI ( a conclavist in the 1740 conclave ).
Pastor's tomes span the pontificates of 56 popes, from Clement V to Pius VI.
popes and IX
An example of this secular politicization is seen when Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor supported Pope Benedict IX, the most corrupt of any of the popes of the era.
Their presence further east had already displaced the Khwarazmians, and embassies had been sent by various popes as well as Louis IX to ally or negotiate with them, but they were uninterested in alliances.
Her stepfather's brother Frederick became Pope Stephen IX, while both of the following two popes, Nicholas II and Alexander II had been Tuscan bishops.
Popes Boniface VIII through IX are really the seventh through eighth popes by that name.
The events of Innocent IV's pontificate are therefore inextricably linked to the policies dominating the reigns of popes Innocent III, Honorius III and Gregory IX.
Conceived in the spirit of popes such as Leo IX, his reforms led by a natural sequence to strained relations between Church and State ; the equilibrium which he established was unstable, and depended too much upon his personal influence with the Conqueror.
Five successive popes ( Leo IX, Victor II, Stephen IX, Nicholas II and Alexander II ) excommunicated Stigand for holding both Winchester and Canterbury at the same time.
Robert journeyed to Rome to complain to the pope about his own exile, where Leo IX and successive popes condemned Stigand, whom Edward had appointed to Canterbury.
The popes of the thirteenth century intervened to bring about harmony between the two factions, and Gregory IX, Innocent IV, and Nicholas III gave in their Bulls authoritative explanations of the points at issue.
He was supported in this effort by a long series of short-term popes ( some very short-term ), such as Innocent IX ( 1591 ), Gregory XIV ( 1590 – 1591 ), etc., who basically followed his strategy.
Among the pilgrims who visited the Saint Michael Archangel Sanctuary were many popes ( Gelasius I, Leo IX, Urban II, Alexander III, Gregory X, Celestine V, John XXIII as Cardinal, John Paul II ), saints ( Bridget of Sweden, Bernard of Clairvaux, Thomas Aquinas ) emperors, kings and princes ( Louis II of Italy, Otto III, Herny II, Matilda of Tuscany, Charles I of Naples, Ferdinand II of Aragon ).
The family called de ' Conti produced several popes ( Innocent III, Gregory IX and Alexander IV ) and many cardinals.
He was frequently appointed a legate, or papal ambassador by the popes Honorius III and Gregory IX, especially in Livonia in the 1220s and in the Prussian questions of the 1240s.
The decretals of the successors of Gregory IX were also arranged in collections, of which several were official, notably those of popes Innocent IV, Gregory X and Nicholas III, who ordered their decretals to be inserted among those of Gregory IX.
Boniface VIII abrogated all the decretals of the popes subsequent to the appearance of the Decretals of Gregory IX which were not included or maintained in force by the new collection ; but as this collection later than that of Gregory IX, it modifies those decisions of the latter collection which are irreconcilable with its own.
Philip succeeded three times with popes Urban VII, Gregory XIV, and Innocent IX.
In addition to his musical activities, he was employed as a diplomat during this time, assisting in papal politics, including buying the votes of key cardinals for the elections of popes Innocent IX and Clement VIII who were expected to favour the Medici.
In 1394, Pope Boniface IX proclaimed a new crusade against the Turks, although the Western Schism had split the papacy in two, with rival popes at Avignon and Rome, and the days when a pope had the authority to call a crusade were long past.
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