First mentioned by the Romans in 213, the Alamanni captured the Agri Decumates in 260, and later expanded into present-day Alsace, and northern Switzerland, establishing the German language in those regions.

During the Second World War, GCCS was based largely at Bletchley Park in present-day Milton Keynes working on, most famously, the German Enigma machine and Lorenz ciphers, but also a large number of other systems.

By the 1850s, British and German missionaries and traders had penetrated present-day Namibia.

Moving in the wake of German merchants who were now following the old trading routes of the Vikings, a monk named Meinhard landed at the mouth of the Daugava river in present-day Latvia in 1180 and was made bishop in 1186.

Although there have been eight German Popes, Victor II is one of only three Popes from the territory of present-day Germany, the others being Pope Clement II ( 1046 – 47 ) and the current Benedict XVI.

In the last decade, the Sardinian language has been legally recognized ( with Albanian, Catalan, German, Greek, Slovene, Croatian, French, Franco-Provençal, Friulian, Ladin, and Occitan ) by the Law 482-1999, yet its actual acknowledgement in the present-day life is hard.

Since then, this part of eastern Germany has been referred to as Saxony ( German: Sachsen ), a source of some misunderstanding about the original homeland of the Saxons, with a central part in the present-day German state of Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ).

Not until the German defeat in World War I the Schleswig Plebiscites were decreed by the Treaty of Versailles, after which the present-day German-Danish border was drawn taking effect on 15 June 1920, dividing Schleswig in a southern and northern part and leaving a considerable Danish and German minority on both sides.

Guelders was a county in the late 11th century and then a duchy in the Holy Roman Empire, including parts of the present-day Dutch province of Limburg and the German district of Kleve ( Cleves ).

Though the present province of Gelderland ( English also Guelders ) in the Netherlands occupies most of the area, the former duchy also comprised parts of the present Dutch province of Limburg as well as those territories in the present-day German state of North Rhine-Westphalia that were acquired by Prussia in 1713.

Over the last thousand years, Germans emigrated from traditional German lands in Central Europe and settled further east in Russia, present-day Romania and other countries.

Moving in the wake of German merchants, a monk named Meinhard had landed at the mouth of the Daugava river in present-day Latvia in 1180.

John Augustus Sutter, a German native born to Swiss parents, was one of the first to recognize the Sacramento Valley for its potential as an agricultural empire, and his Hock Farm, established in 1841 on the Feather River just south of present-day Yuba City, was the site of the valley ’ s first large agricultural enterprise.

John Lederer, a German physician and explorer employed by Sir William Berkeley, colonial governor of Virginia, is believed to be the first European to set foot in present-day Mineral County.

In 1670, John Lederer, a German physician and explorer employed by Sir William Berkeley, colonial governor of Virginia, became the first European to set foot in present-day Berkeley County ; their safety was not guaranteed.

The 825 foot Tuckerton Wireless Tower () was built in 1912 by the German " Hochfrequenzmaschin Aktiengesellschaft Fuer Drahtlose Telegraphie " company ( The High Frequency Machine Corporation for Wireless Telegraphy, often referred to as HOMAG ) when the present-day Mystic Island was called Hickory Island.

The Tuckerton Wireless Tower () was built in 1912 by the German " Hochfrequenzmaschinen Aktiengesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie " company ( The High Frequency Machine Corporation for Wireless Telegraphy, often referred to as HOMAG ) when the present-day Mystic Island was called Hickory Island.

The area around present-day Walden was purchased in 1736 by Alexander Kidd, and settlers of Scots-Irish, English and German descent started arriving not long afterwards.

( Note: Bismarck was created Duke of Lauenburg in 1890 after his resignation as Chancellor of the German Empire, but this title refers to the city of Lauenburg / Elbe in present-day Germany, and should not be confused with Lębork / Lauenburg in Pomerania.

Renner was born the 18th child of a German family of poor wine-growers in Unter-Tannowitz ( present-day Dolní Dunajovice in the Czech Republic ), then part of the Margraviate of Moravia, a crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

No major race was held after 1937, as in early 1938, the popular German race driver Bernd Rosemeyer was killed in a land speed record attempt on a straight section of the Autobahn Frankfurt – Darmstadt ( present-day Bundesautobahn 5 ), and the high speed AVUS was then considered too dangerous for the fast Grand Prix race cars.

By the 1840s and 1850s, much of present-day Alphabet City had become known as " Kleindeutschland " or " Little Germany "; in the mid-19th century, many claimed New York to be the third-largest German-speaking city in the world, after Berlin and Vienna, with most of those German speakers residing in and around Alphabet City.

While in Berlin, he became interested in measures taken by the Nazi regime, contributed a column to Vremea dealing with the topic ( in which Cioran confessed that " there is no present-day politician that I see as more sympathetic and admirable than Hitler ", while expressing his approval for the Night of the Long Knives — " what has humanity lost if the lives of a few imbeciles were taken "), and, in a letter written to Petru Comarnescu, described himself as " a Hitlerist ".

The letter reveals that Passover ( 15 Nisan ) in that year was due to occur on a Tuesday ; whilst according to the present-day rabbinic calendar, it should have occurred on Thursday.

Once discovered and published in 1922, the exilarch's letter proved beyond doubt that almost five hundred years after R. Yose and ' Hillel the Patriarch ', then fixed calendar in its present-day form had still not been instituted.

In present-day Latvian, the letter O is used for three vowel sounds: the diphthong " uo ", and a simple " o " ( both long and short ), particularly in loan words ( e. g. telefons ).

However, the old form of the letter " S " in the middle of words, was only at some point in the last hundred years misread as a lower case " F ", thus turning ( Coston ) into the present-day.

Cai Jiu then assigns Dai Zong to send a letter to his father, the Imperial Tutor Cai Jing, in Dongjing ( present-day Kaifeng ) for his opinion on how to deal with Song Jiang.

Constructed well before 1492 CE, these Ancestral Pueblo towns and villages in the Southwestern United States were located in various defensive positions, for example, on high steep mesas such as at Mesa Verde or present-day Acoma Pueblo, called the " Sky City ", in New Mexico.

His nickname Unræd is usually translated into present-day English as " The Unready ", though, because the present-day meaning of " unready " no longer resembles its ancient counterpart, this translation disguises the meaning of the Old English term.

The name " Hong Kong ", literally meaning " fragrant harbour ", is derived from the area around present-day Aberdeen on Hong Kong Island, where fragrant wood products and fragrant incense were once traded.

Landulf the Old founded the present-day Capua, " New Capua ", on a nearby hill.

* " Lower Village / Town ", where present-day Old Town stands, was the oldest of the three villages.

* " Upper Village / Town ", where present-day REO Town stands at the confluence of the Grand River and the Red Cedar River.

* 1771 – The Battle of Alamance, a pre-American Revolutionary War battle between local militia and a group of rebels called The " Regulators ", occurs in present-day Alamance County, North Carolina.

On the basis of a land grant made to him by the Anglophile native King of the Mosquito people in what is present-day Honduras, MacGregor wove one of history's most elaborate hoaxes, managing to charm the highest levels of London's political and financial establishment with tales of the bucolic, resource-rich country he claimed to rule as a benevolent sovereign prince, or " Cazique ", when he arrived in the UK in 1822.

Contemporary Paganism has been characterized as " a synthesis of historical inspiration and present-day creativity ", in this manner drawing influences from pre-Christian, folkloric and ethnographic sources in order to fashion new religious movements.

Though no longer mentioned in the General Roman Catholic calendar of saints, he may now, according to the rules in the present-day Roman Missal, be celebrated everywhere on his feast day with a " Memorial ", unless in some locality an obligatory celebration is assigned to that day.

Within groups such as New York Radical Women ( 1967 – 1969 ), no relation to Radical Women, a present-day socialist feminist organization ), which Ellen Willis characterized as " the first women's liberation group in New York City ", a radical feminist ideology began to emerge that declared that " the personal is political " and " sisterhood is powerful ", formulations that arose from these consciousness-raising sessions.

In memory of the stonecutter, the land was renamed " Land of San Marino ", and was finally changed to its present-day name, " Republic of San Marino ".

Initially, a " northern route ", roughly following the path of the Lewis and Clark Expedition along the Missouri River through present-day northern Montana to Oregon Territory, was considered impractical because of high winter snows.

Irish immigrants in Omaha originally moved to an area in present-day North Omaha called " Gophertown ", as they lived in dirt dugouts.

He had James Slaughter plat two cities in the area, Madison and " The City of Four Lakes ", near present-day Middleton.

The Ming Dynasty ruled Hebei as " Beizhili " ( 北直隸, pinyin: Běizhílì ), meaning " Northern Directly Ruled ", because the area contained and was directly ruled by the imperial capital, Beijing ; the " Northern " designation was used because there was a southern counterpart covering present-day Jiangsu and Anhui.

In the present-day Valencian Community, the saying: Quan el mal ve d ' Almansa, a tots alcança (" Evil tidings spare no one when they come from Almansa ", or, more literally, " When the wrong comes from Almansa, it reaches everybody " ( Compare English: " It's an ill wind that blows no good ") recalls this defeat, since one of the side effects of this defeat was the suppression of the autonomy of the Kingdom of Valencia within the Spanish Habsburg monarchy.

The territory of Neustria or Neustrasia, meaning " new land ", originated in 511, made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, approximating most of the north of present-day France, with Paris and Soissons as its main cities ( which is roughly the current size of England and Wales ).

Việt settlers also arrived in the sparsely populated area known as " Water Chenla ", which was the lower Mekong Delta portion of Chenla ( present-day Cambodia ).

At the time, the family was living in the newly founded settlement of " Beargrass ", near present-day Louisville, Kentucky ; all of Kentucky was part of Virginia until 1792.

The area including present-day Colonial Heights was made a part of " Henrico Cittie ", one of 4 huge " incorporations " formed in the Virginia Colony in 1619 by the London Company.

The foremost among them was Pahuk, usually translated " hill island ", a bluff on the south side of the Platte River, near the town of Cedar Bluffs in present-day Saunders County, Nebraska.