Although the 1988 constitution preserves the external and internal roles of the armed forces, it places the military under presidential authority.

These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and senators for life, granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years while also disabling immediate re-election.

They accused him of reneging on promised constitutional reforms limiting presidential power and giving more authority to the parliament and cabinet.

The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America, modelled on the U. S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.

This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate ; in 2002 and again in 2007, President George W. Bush briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President Dick Cheney.

A new Constitution was established with notable changes ; maintaining the presidential system but limiting to a single 7 year term, strengthening the authority of the National Assembly, and conferring the responsibilities of appointing judiciary to the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

" Washington's six-point plan included impartial justice toward Indians ; regulated buying of Indian lands ; promotion of commerce ; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society ; presidential authority to give presents ; and punishing those who violated Indian rights.

While Germany had a semi-presidential system during the Weimar Republic, today's presidential office is mainly supervising and ceremonial, with the Chancellor of Germany generally seen as wielding the effective power and guideline authority in everyday politics.

Dominated by fundamentalist religious figures, it has tried to ban a candidate in the 2004 presidential election for questioning polygamy laws, and limited the rights of women, as well as overstepped its constitutional authority by issuing rulings on subjects not yet brought before the court.

Ministers serve at the president's discretion, and function both as administrators of their ministries and as agents of presidential authority.

The Bush Presidency, citing the authority of a presidential finding that permitted worldwide covert actions against Osama bin Laden's al-Qaida network, considered al-Harithi and his traveling party a justifiable military target.

Washington's six-point plan included impartial justice toward Indians ; regulated buying of Indian lands ; promotion of commerce ; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society ; presidential authority to give presents ; and punishing those who violated Indian rights.

The political and decision-making authority of the cabinet has been gradually reduced over the last several decades, with some claiming its role has been usurped by a " Prime Ministerial " ( i. e. more " presidential ") government.

President Khan repeatedly vetoed proposed laws and ordinances that would have lessened his presidential authority.

Here, the separation of powers issue is whether the War Powers Resolution requirements for Congressional approval and presidential reporting to Congress change the constitutional balance established in Articles I and II, namely that Congress is explicitly granted the sole authority to " declare war ", " make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces " ( Article 1, Section 8 ), and to control the funding of those same forces, while the Executive has inherent authority as Commander in Chief.

In Congress, du Pont supported an attempt to limit presidential authority through the War Powers Act of 1973, but was one of the last to remain loyal to U. S. President Richard M. Nixon during the impeachment process.

Both the Federal Constitution of 1949 and the Provisional Constitution of 1950 were parliamentary in nature, where executive authority laid with the prime minister, and which — on paper — limited presidential power.

Invoking President Paul von Hindenburg's constitutional powers, Brüning established a so-called presidential government, basing his administration's authority on presidential emergency decrees which were instituted without prior consent of the Reichstag.

In each case, Vice President Richard Nixon did carry out some of Eisenhower's informal presidential responsibilities, but full presidential authority ( such as signing bills into law, for example ) remained solely with Eisenhower.

In all cases, the self-declared incapacity method was used by a President to voluntarily transfer presidential authority to his Vice President:

The 1st American Volunteer Group ( AVG ) of the Chinese Air Force in 1941 – 1942, famously nicknamed the Flying Tigers, was composed of pilots from the United States Army ( USAAF ), Navy ( USN ), and Marine Corps ( USMC ), recruited under presidential authority and commanded by Claire Lee Chennault.

Because the government refused to consider opposition demands for an independent election commission, the three major opposition parties boycotted the October 1997 presidential election, which Biya easily won.

On 19 March, a constitutional referendum was voted on and passed reforming the laws surrounding the power and election of the presidency, limiting the presidency to two four-year terms, providing judicial supervision of elections, requiring the president to appoint a deputy, calling for a commission to draft a new constitution following the parliamentary election, and providing easier access to presidential elections by candidates ( 30, 000 signatures from at least 15 provinces, 30 members of a chamber of the legislature, or nomination by a party holding at least one seat in the legislature ).

In 1979, a presidential commission went as far as saying that they constituted " a serious threat to the economy "; a decade later, they had still not furthered industrialisation or fostered the development of a Black-Kenyan business class.

The constitution enlarged the National Assembly from 136 members to a maximum of 158 members, established an electoral commission, and allowed for more than one presidential candidate who no longer had to be a member of UNIP.

Project MKUltra was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 by the U. S. Congress, through investigations by the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission.

That report prompted investigations by the U. S. Congress, in the form of the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission that looked into domestic activities of the CIA, the FBI, and intelligence-related agencies of the military.

According to published transcripts of Johnson's presidential phone conversations, some major officials were opposed to forming such a commission and several commission members took part only with extreme reluctance.

In the end the reactor was brought under control, although full details of the accident were not discovered until much later, following extensive investigations by both a presidential commission and the NRC.

The secret presidential investigating commission headed by conservative Democrats William Farrar Smith and James T. Brady in early 1865 devoted considerable effort to trying to connect Banks with vice and irregular trading permits in the New Orleans area.

Although he rejected this scholarship, Martin Mayer wrote in 1997 that since the late 1980s it had been “ clear ” that continuing the Glass-Steagall prohibitions was only “ permitting a handful of large investment houses and hedge funds to charge monopoly rents for their services without protecting corporate America, investors, or the banks .” Hyman Minsky, who disputed the benefits of “ universal banking ,” wrote in 1995 testimony prepared for Congress that “ repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act, in itself, would neither benefit nor harm the economy of the United States to any significant extent .” In 1974 Mayer had quoted Minsky as stating a 1971 presidential commission ( the “ Hunt Commission ”) was repeating the errors of history when it proposed relaxing Glass-Steagall and other legislation from the 1930s.

Finally, a presidential commission issued a landmark 1981 report – Defining Death: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death – that rejected the " higher brain " approach to death in favor of a " whole brain " definition.

While most executive agencies have a single director, administrator, or secretary appointed by the President of the United States, independent agencies ( in the narrower sense of being outside presidential control ) almost always have a commission, board, or similar collegial body consisting of five to seven members who share power over the agency.

In 1979, a presidential commission went as far as saying that they constituted " a serious threat to the economy ", and, by 1989, they had still not furthered industrialization or fostered the development of a Black business class.

Cárdenas's efforts to negotiate with Mexican Eagle, in the managerial control of Royal Dutch / Shell and Standard Oil of New Jersey, were unavailing, and the companies rejected a solution proposed by a presidential commission.

After he came to Taiwan, he was the appointed vice director of the strategic advisory commission in the presidential office.

The office employs advisors to the president and comprises eight departments, four councils, presidential pardon commission and two decorations and awards commissions.

As a result of the victory by Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, the Mayor of Obama City announced to the Japanese press that he intends to commission a statue of Barack Obama to be put in front of the city hall " as a token of the great historical moment for the name Obama ".

* The establishment of a presidential election commission that would enjoy complete independence to supervise the election process.

He was found to be involved in the assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali by a presidential commission appointed by President Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga.

During the American Civil War Fish raised money for the Union war effort and served on Lincoln's presidential commission that made successful arrangements for Union and Confederate troop prisoner exchanges.

He was one of the commissioners appointed to build the state capitol 1874 ; in 1867 appointed clerk of Westchester County, but resigned after a short service ; made immigration commissioner by New York Legislature in 1870, but declined to serve ; member of boundary commission of the state of New York in 1875 ; had also been commissioner of quarantine and president of Court of Claims of New York City and commissioner of taxes and assessments for the city and county of New York ; defeated for Lieutenant Governor of New York on the Liberal Republican-Democratic ticket in 1872 ; candidate for U. S. Senator from New York in 1881, but withdrew after the 41st ballot ; declined nomination as a senator in 1885 ; but elected to the U. S. Senate in 1899, and re-elected in 1905, and served from March 4, 1899, to March 4, 1911 ; stumped the state of New York for John C. Frémont in 1856 and for Abraham Lincoln in 1860 ; delegate-at-large to Republican National conventions 1888-1904 and delegate to all following conventions, including 1928, being elected the day before he died ; made the nomination speeches for Harrison in 1892, Governor Morton in 1896, and Fairbanks in 1904 ; at the convention in 1888 received ninety-nine votes for the presidential nomination, and in 1892 declined an appointment as Secretary of State in Harrison's cabinet ; Adjutant of the 18th Regiment, New York National Guard, which served in the American Civil War, and later Colonel and Judge Advocate of the 5th Division, on the staff of Major General James W. Husted of the New York Guard, trustee of Peekskill Military Academy ; president of New York State Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, of the Pilgrims Society from 1918 until his death, of the St. Nicholas Society, and of the Union League for seven years ( member since 1868 and elected honorary life member at the close of his presidency ); an officer of the French Légion d ' honneur ; vice president of New York Chamber of Commerce 1904-08 ( member since 1885 ).

* U. S. President George W. Bush announces the formation of the Iraq Intelligence Commission, an independent, bipartisan inquiry presidential commission to probe into prewar intelligence regarding weapons of mass destruction leading up to the decision to invade Iraq.

On 22 August 2008, the electoral commission called for presidential nominations to be delivered by 26 August 2008 and for elections on 6 September 2008.