During the 1930s other ideas were proposed as non-standard cosmologies to explain Hubble's observations, including the Milne model, the oscillatory Universe ( originally suggested by Friedmann, but advocated by Albert Einstein and Richard Tolman ) and Fritz Zwicky's tired light hypothesis.

In light of these weaknesses, Barnlund ( 2008 ) proposed a transactional model of communication.

Also in 1877, he proposed measuring the meter as so many wavelengths of light of a certain frequency, the kind of definition employed from 1960 to 1983.

Some official bodies have adopted the proposed Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy almost entirely, however a more common approach worldwide has been to retain the traditional groupings, and modify rather than replace them in the light of new evidence as it comes to hand.

The exception came during the 1923 – 24 season when Charlton wore the colours of Catford Southend as part of the proposed move to Catford, which were light and dark blue stripes.

In 1923, Danish and Dutch scientists Christian Christiansen and Hendrik Anthony Kramers, in an analysis of formation of polymers, pointed out that such a chain reaction need not start with a molecule excited by light, but could also start with two molecules colliding violently in the traditional way classically previously proposed for initiation of chemical reactions, by van't Hoff.

Now, Szilárd proposed to use neutrons theoretically-produced from certain nuclear reactions in lighter isotopes, to induce further reactions in light isotopes that produced more neutrons.

Young's experiment, performed in the early 1800s, played a vital part in the acceptance of the wave theory of light, vanquishing the corpuscular theory of light proposed by Isaac Newton, which had been the accepted model of light propagation in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Doppler first proposed the effect in 1842 in his treatise " Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels " ( On the coloured light of the binary stars and some other stars of the heavens ).

Later, Albert Einstein proposed that the quanta of light might be regarded as real particles, and ( still later ) the particle of light was given the name photon, to correspond with other particles being described around this time, such as the electron and proton.

In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed that space and time appeared to be velocity-changeable entities, not only for light propagation, but all other processes and laws as well.

Due to the sporadic publishing and support of Gamma World during the TSR years, several proposed products never saw the light of day.

De Camp and Ley have claimed ( in their Lands Beyond ) that Leonhard Euler also proposed a hollow-Earth idea, getting rid of multiple shells and postulating an interior sun across to provide light to advanced inner-Earth civilization but they provide no references ; indeed, Euler did not propose a hollow-Earth, but there is a slightly related thought experiment.

In the early 11th century, Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ) wrote the Book of Optics ( Kitab al-manazir ) in which he explored reflection and refraction and proposed a new system for explaining vision and light based on observation and experiment.

In 1690, Christian Huygens proposed a wave theory for light based on suggestions that had been made by Robert Hooke in 1664.

A commonly proposed alternative explanation is that the universe is not transparent, and the light from distant stars is blocked by intermediate dark stars or absorbed by dust or gas, so that there is a bound on the distance from which light can reach the observer.

This paper proposed the simple description of " light quanta ", or photons, and showed how they explained such phenomena as the photoelectric effect.

Commencing on 17 August 1903, it was the first successful British railway-run bus service and was initially provided as a cheaper alternative to a proposed light railway.

In United States v. Salerno,, the Supreme Court held that the only limitation imposed by the bail clause is that " the government's proposed conditions of release or detention not be ' excessive ' in light of the perceived evil.

The Indian philosopher Kanada, founder of the Vaisheshika school, developed a theory of atomism and proposed that light and heat were varieties of the same substance.

The idea of duality originated in a debate over the nature of light and matter that dates back to the 17th century, when competing theories of light were proposed by Christiaan Huygens and Isaac Newton: light was thought either to consist of waves ( Huygens ) or of particles ( Newton ).

A proposed rail link between Ouagadougou and Pô in Burkina Faso and Kumasi and Boankra in Ghana, has been discussed with Ghanaian officials, and feasibility studies are being undertaken to explore this possibility, which would provide rail access to the inland port of Bonakra.

There is a proposed rail connection with Colombia.

These were originally proposed to support navigation even in times of low water, but river-borne transport was already declining due to improved road and rail systems.

The proposed rail project, when completed, was the most intensive and ambitious of its kind ever undertaken to date.

The gauge of the rail would be to match the proposed construction and conversion of significant parts of the existing broad gauge system to standard gauge.

Research out of hypervelocity railgun technology was done to build an information base about rail guns so that SDI planners would know how to apply the technology to the proposed defense system.

Since the country's first rapid rail transit line opened in 1999 in Bangkok, daily ridership on Bangkok's various transit lines has risen to over 800, 000, with multiple additional lines either under construction or being proposed.

There are no rail links to China or Tajikistan, though a connection to the latter was proposed in 2008.

Young Scammon solicited subscriptions from the farmers and small businessmen whose land lay adjacent to the proposed rail.

However, it was discovered during test runs that the proposed motors and wheels would fail to provide adequate traction under some conditions, for example, when ice appeared on the rail.

* In 2010, rail and coach commuter service was proposed between Minturn and Dotsero, in 2012 from Leadville to Vail and Dotsero with intermediate stations at Minturn, Avon, Eagle and Gypsum.

Small sections of this track bed, and a nearby heavy rail track bed, have been proposed for reuse.

National railway company Vietnam Railways has proposed a high-speed rail link between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, capable of running at speeds of.

* Gold Coast Rapid Transit, a proposed rail transportation system for Queensland, Australia

In 1970 and 1971, the Council of Economic Advisers in the Richard Nixon administration, along with the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice and other agencies, proposed legislation to diminish price collusion and entry barriers in rail and truck transportation.

Waterloo station was to be the central London terminus for the proposed Heathrow Airtrack rail service.

* Scranton ( NJT station ), the proposed terminus for New Jersey Transit passenger rail service from New York City and Hoboken to Scranton, Pennsylvania

There is commuter rail service in the planning stages along the Norfolk Southern line, with proposed stations in Forest Park, Morrow, Jonesboro, and initially ending at Lovejoy.

The proposed Beccles rail loop is designed to allow trains to pass each other on a previously singled section of rail track ( between Lowestoft and Halesworth ).

Faster high-speed rail of, such as the proposed Beijing-Shanghai Express Railway in China (, or 5 hours ) and Tokyo-Sapporo Hokkaido Shinkansen in Japan (, or 4 hours ), may play a significant role in long-distance travel in the future.

The station is also designated a stop on the proposed California High Speed Rail System and the proposed Orangeline Maglev rail from Irvine.

Universal Paragon's proposed Brisbane Baylands project, if approved by Brisbane voters, proposes to more than double the existing employment base of the City by providing new office, research & development, retail, hotel and other land uses that are accessible by a proposed multi-modal transit station ( Caltrain, Muni T-Third light rail and proposed Bus Rapid Transit ).