The following amounts of each salt form contain equal amounts of quinine:

* quinine sulfate ( actually ( quinine )< sub > 2 </ sub > H < sub > 2 </ sub > SO < sub > 4 </ sub >∙ 2H < sub > 2 </ sub > O ) 121 mg

The preparations available in the UK are quinine sulfate ( 200-mg or 300-mg tablets ) and quinine hydrochloride ( 300 mg / ml for injection ).

The adult dose in the UK is 600 mg quinine dihydrochloride IV or 600 mg quinine sulfate orally every eight hours.

In the United States, quinine sulfate is commercially available in 324-mg tablets under the brand name Qualaquin ; the adult dose is two tablets every eight hours.

Chemical treatments include formalin, malachite green, chelated copper, copper sulfate, potassium permanganate and quinine.

A classic example of this process is the quinine sulfate fluorescence, which can be quenched by the use of various halide salts.

Threshold tests for sucrose ( sweet ), citric acid ( sour ), sodium chloride ( salty ), and quinine or caffeine ( bitter ) are frequently performed with natural stimuli.

Some ingredients did have medicinal effects: mercury, silver and arsenic compounds may have helped some infections and infestations ; willow bark contained salicylic acid, chemically closely related to aspirin ; and the quinine contained in Jesuit's bark was an effective treatment for malaria and other fevers.

Bottlenose dolphins are able to detect salty, sweet, bitter ( quinine sulphate ), and sour ( citric acid ) tastes, but this has not been well-studied.

He chose the name " to denote the general appearance of a solution of sulphate of quinine and similar media ".

In a key experiment he used a prism to isolate ultraviolet radiation from sunlight and observed blue light emitted by an ethanol solution of quinine exposed by it.

Morphine in solution has a bitter taste for humans, and appears to have the same effect on rats, Alexander writes, since they shake their heads and reject it as they do with bitter quinine solutions.

Since it is no longer used as an antimalarial, tonic water today contains much less quinine, is usually sweetened, and is consequently much less bitter.

It is a stereoisomer of quinidine which, unlike quinine, is an antiarrhythmic.

Since then, many effective antimalarials have been introduced, although quinine is still used to treat the disease in certain critical circumstances, such as severe malaria, and in impoverished regions due to its low cost.

As of 2006, quinine is no longer recommended by the WHO as first-line treatment for malaria, and should be used only when artemisinins are not available.

The IV dose of quinine is 8 mg / kg of quinine base every eight hours ; the IM dose is 12. 8 mg / kg of quinine base twice daily ; the PR dose is 20 mg / kg of quinine base twice daily.

Cinchonism is much less common when quinine is given by mouth, but oral quinine is not well tolerated ( quinine is exceedingly bitter and many patients will vomit after ingesting quinine tablets ): Other drugs such as Fansidar ( sulfadoxine with pyrimethamine ) or Malarone ( proguanil with atovaquone ) are often used when oral therapy is required.

Because of its relatively constant and well-known fluorescence quantum yield, quinine is used in photochemistry as a common fluorescence standard.

Traditional-style tonic water with little more than quinine and carbonated water is less common, but may be preferred by those who desire the bitter taste.

Afterward, the use of quinine as a cutting agent became common.

In 1819 Edward D. Clarke and in 1822 René Juste Haüy described fluorescence in fluorites, Sir David Brewster described the phenomenon for chlorophyll in 1833 and Sir John Herschel did the same for quinine in 1845.

Symptoms of mild cinchonism ( which may occur from standard therapeutic doses of quinine ) include flushed and sweaty skin, ringing of the ears ( tinnitus ), blurred vision, impaired hearing, confusion, reversible high-frequency hearing loss, headache, abdominal pain, rashes, drug-induced lichenoid reaction ( lichenoid photosensitivity ), vertigo, dizziness, dysphoria, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

Examples are the local anesthetic and stimulant cocaine ; the psychedelic psilocin ; the stimulant caffeine ; nicotine ; the analgesic morphine ; the antibacterial berberine ; the anticancer compound vincristine ; the antihypertension agent reserpine ; the cholinomimeric galatamine ; the spasmolysis agent atropine ; the vasodilator vincamine ; the anti-arhythmia compound quinidine ; the anti-asthma therapeutic ephedrine ; and the antimalarial drug quinine.

Although the Portuguese arrived on Cameroon's doorstep in the 16th century, malaria prevented significant European settlement and conquest of the interior until the late 1870s, when large supplies of the malaria suppressant, quinine, became available.

* Tonic water fluoresces blue due to the presence of quinine.

In tropical British colonies gin was used to mask the bitter flavour of quinine, which was the only effective anti-malarial compound.

Quinine was dissolved in carbonated water to form tonic water ; the resulting mix became the origin of today's popular gin and tonic combination, although modern tonic water contains only a trace of quinine as a flavouring.

In the 1700s it was discovered that quinine could be used to treat the disease, although the bitter taste was unpleasant.

British officers in India in the early 19th century took to adding a mixture of water, sugar, lime and gin to the quinine in order to make the drink more palatable.

It has been said that the flavor of the quinine complements the green notes of the gin ( flavored with juniper ), much as dry vermouth complements the gin in a classic martini.

In 1854, the discovery of quinine and other medical innovations helped to make conquest and colonization in Africa possible.

Few effective drugs existed, beyond opium and quinine.

There were no antibiotics, so the surgeons prescribed coffee, whiskey, and quinine.

According to his sister Asia, Booth confided to her that he also used his position to smuggle quinine to the South during his travels there, helping the Confederacy obtain the needed drug despite the Northern blockade.

The myotonia ( delayed relaxation of a muscle after a strong contraction ) occurring in myotonic muscular dystrophy may be treated with medications such as quinine, phenytoin, or mexiletine, but no actual long term treatment has been found.

In 1856 William Henry Perkin, while trying to manufacture quinine, accidentally manufactured the organic dye now known as Perkin's mauve.

Before the second half of the nineteenth century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as morphine, quinine and digitalis were explained vaguely and with reference to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues.

Though it has been synthesized in the lab, quinine occurs naturally in the bark of the cinchona tree.

As with other quinoline antimalarial drugs, the mechanism of action of quinine has not been fully resolved.