The fraction of exchange was determined as the ratio of the counts / minute observed in the carbon tetrachloride to the counts / minute calculated for the carbon tetrachloride fractions for equilibrium distribution of the activity between the chlorine and carbon tetrachloride, empirically determined correction being made for the difference in counting efficiency of Af in Af and Af.

In digital images there is a subtle distinction between the Display Aspect Ratio ( the image as displayed ) and the Storage Aspect Ratio ( the ratio of pixel dimensions ); see distinctions, below.

According to another estimate, the ratio between the country's Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) and the state's foreign debt has reached 46 percent.

However, the book On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon, which has long been ascribed to Aristarchus, says that he calculated the distance to the sun to be between 18 and 20 times the distance to the Moon, whereas the true ratio is about 389. 174.

For example, if the water is 25 ft ( 8 m ) deep, and the anchor roller is 3 ft ( 1 m ) above the water, the scope is the ratio between the amount of cable let out and 28 ft ( 9 m ).

( The difference between the sexes was due to the typically lower weight and water-to-body-mass ratio of women.

The radiation flux without a sample and with a sample in the atomizer is measured using a detector, and the ratio between the two values ( the absorbance ) is converted to analyte concentration or mass using the Beer-Lambert Law.

Instead, the ratio of the speed of the wind and that of the cups, the anemometer factor, depends on the dimensions of the cups and arms, and may have a value between two and a little over three.

The delay between application of the pulse and detection of the ion allows for the computation of a mass-to-charge ratio.

Noise figure is a comparison between the output signal to noise ratio and the thermal noise of the input signal.

Some, mainly utility, bicycles use hub gears with between 3 and 14 ratios, but most use the generally more efficient dérailleur system, by which the chain is moved between different cogs called chainrings and sprockets in order to select a ratio.

The ratio between the value of the energy gap at zero temperature and the value of the superconducting transition temperature ( expressed in energy units ) takes the universal value of 3. 5, independent of material.

The standardized mortality ratio from suicide in bipolar disorder is between 18 and 25.

The ratio between shot footage and footage forming the final edited film would often be high, for example 53 takes per a finished take in The Kid.

For example, water is a compound containing hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of two to one, with the oxygen atom between the two hydrogen atoms, and an angle of 104. 5 ° between them.

However, the instability in the ratio between the two grew over the course of the 19th century, with the increase both in supply of these metals, particularly silver, and of trade.

* Higher sampling error, which can be expressed in the so-called " design effect ", the ratio between the number of subjects in the cluster study and the number of subjects in an equally reliable, randomly sampled unclustered study.

Much of the design study was concerned with a simple, flexible chemical system for processing the ores, and the differences between the ratio of elements needed by the replicator, and the ratios available in lunar regolith.

In a piston engine it is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke, and the volume of the combustion chamber when the piston is at the top of its stroke.

Generally, cylinder pressure for common automotive designs should at least equal 10 bar, or, roughly estimated in pounds per square inch ( psi ) as between 15 and 20 times the compression ratio, or in this case between 150 psi and 200 psi, depending on cam timing.

Since the compression ratio is the ratio between dynamic and static volumes of the combustion chamber the Atkinson cycle's method of increasing the length of the powerstroke compared to the intake stroke ultimately altered the compression ratio at different stages of the cycle.

This will make the computation much faster than by optimizing part B, even though B's speed-up is greater by ratio, ( 5 × versus 2 ×).

This in turn means that the ratio of compounds in the remaining liquid is now different from the initial ratio ( i. e. more enriched in B than the starting liquid ).

The result is that the ratio in the liquid mixture is changing, becoming richer in component B.

This causes the boiling point of the mixture to rise, which in turn results in a rise in the temperature in the vapor, which results in a changing ratio of A: B in the gas phase ( as distillation continues, there is an increasing proportion of B in the gas phase ).

This results in a slowly changing ratio A: B in the distillate.

In the diagram on the right, this is given by the ratio A /( A + B ), where A and B are the indicated areas.

If a and b are distances from the fulcrum to points A and B and if force F < sub > A </ sub > applied to A is the input force and F < sub > B </ sub > exerted at B is the output, the ratio of the velocities of points A and B is given by a / b, so the ratio of the output force to the input force, or mechanical advantage, is given by

B is the sample space and A is an event. By the ratio of their areas, the probability of A is approximately 0. 4.

Altruism is known to increase from rarity when relatedness ( R ) exceeds the ratio of the cost ( C ) to the altruist ( in this case, the cell giving up its own reproduction by differentiating ), to the benefit ( B ) to the recipient of altruism ( the germ line of the colony, that reproduces as a result of the differentiation ), i. e. R > C / B ( see Hamilton's rule ).

If the ratio of the two resistances in the known leg is equal to the ratio of the two in the unknown leg, then the voltage between the two midpoints ( B and D ) will be zero and no current will flow through the galvanometer.

The number of theoretical stages required to make a given separation is calculated using a specific vapor to liquid ratio.

If the liquid and vapor are not evenly distributed across the superficial tower area as it enters the packed bed, the liquid to vapor ratio will not be correct in the packed bed and the required separation will not be achieved.

As a general rule ( prior to the adoption of DVD ), special effects would be done within the theatrical aspect ratio, but not the full-frame thereof ; also the expanded image area can include extraneous objects — such as cables, microphone booms, jet vapor trails, or overhead telephone wires — not intended to be included in the frame.

Water activity can be described as a ratio of the vapor pressure of water in a solution to the vapor pressure of pure water.

The terrestrial version is designed for a vapor core inlet temperature of about 1500 K and exit temperature of 2500 K and a UF < sub > 4 </ sub > to helium ratio of around 20 % to 60 %.

This is possible because the vapor rising from a boiling fluid generally has a ratio of components different from that in the liquid.

Specific humidity is a ratio of the water vapor content of the mixture to the total air content on a mass basis.

As a result, absolute humidity is generally defined in chemical engineering as mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air, also known as the mass mixing ratio ( see below ), which is much more rigorous for heat and mass balance calculations.

It is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in the air-water mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of water at those conditions.

Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage and is calculated by using the following equation, it is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor ( H < sub > 2 </ sub > O ) in the mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of water at a prescribed temperature.

If the vapor is re-condensed, the layers will reform in the condensate, and will do so in a fixed ratio, which in this case is 4. 4 % of the volume in the top layer and 95. 6 % in the bottom layer.

Raoult's law predicts the vapor pressures of ideal mixtures as a function of composition ratio.