The Buddha of the earliest Buddhists texts describes Dharma ( in the sense of " truth ") as " beyond reasoning " or " transcending logic ", in the sense that reasoning is a subjectively introduced aspect of the way unenlightened humans perceive things, and the conceptual framework which underpins their cognitive process, rather than a feature of things as they really are.

Going " beyond reasoning " means in this context penetrating the nature of reasoning from the inside, and removing the causes for experiencing any future stress as a result of it, rather than functioning outside of the system as a whole.

Neisser's point of view endows the discipline with a scope beyond high-level concepts such as " reasoning " that other works often espouse as defining psychology.

Inductive inference is reasoning from the observed behaviour of objects to their behaviour when unobserved ; as Hume says, it is a question of how things behave when they go " beyond the present testimony of the senses, and the records of our memory ".

Babylonian reasoning and rationality developed beyond empirical observation.

According to Rand, attaining knowledge beyond what is given in perception requires both volition ( or the exercise of free will ) and adherence to a specific method of validation through observation, concept-formation, and the application of inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.

Babylonian reasoning and rationality developed beyond empirical observation.

While negative theology is used in Christianity as a means of dispelling misconceptions about God, and of approaching Him beyond the limits of human reasoning, most commonly Christian doctrine is taken to involve positive claims: that God exists and has certain positive attributes, even if those attributes are only partially comprehensible to us.

Since koans are, ostensibly, not solvable by intellectual reasoning, koan introspection is designed to shortcut the intellectual process leading to direct realization of a reality beyond thought.

* Complete comprehension of the Unique Nature and Attributes of God is beyond the capacity of human reasoning and sense experience.

" As reported in the Washington Post, former editor Chris Crain summarized the Blades editorial reasoning for the ' outings ' by stating that " It is 2004, not 1954, and sexual orientation in and of itself is no longer a ' private fact ' beyond the pale of inquiry.

Darwin focuses less on the question of whether humans evolved than he does on showing that each of the human faculties considered to be so far beyond those of animals — such as moral reasoning, sympathy for others, beauty, and music — can be seen in kind ( if not degree ) in other animal species ( usually apes and dogs ).

The Grandmaster returned from beyond his grave to plague the East and West Coast Avengers during one of their annual games of baseball, reasoning that, since he was dead, he was free from his vow to leave Earth's heroes in peace.

The reasoning behind the move was that the level of investment needed to fund his racing career in the UK was beyond his family's resources.

The trademark owner, Don Campbell, Inc., claims benefits far beyond improving spatio-temporal reasoning or raising intelligence, defining the mark as " an inclusive term signifying the transformational powers of music in health, education, and well-being.

The reasoning went beyond the switching of all New World stations to Fox, because the station had carried Green Bay Packers games since 1977 from CBS, which up to 1994 had the National Football Conference ( NFC ) contract for NFL games ; by switching affiliations, except for a period of three months in 1994 ( when WCGV was still the Fox affiliate ), WITI was able to remain the ' home station ' of the Packers since Fox held the NFC contract ( even though the Packers stopped playing games in Milwaukee after 1994 ), and continued to maintain airing the highest-rated broadcasts in market history with the team's winning appearances in Super Bowl XXXI ( Fox's first Super Bowl broadcast ), the 2010 NFC Championship Game, and Super Bowl XLV.

The Local Government Reform Commission's reasoning was that it would unite all of Brisbane's northern suburbs beyond the Brisbane City boundary into one local government area which would, in its view, simplify and streamline planning, approvals and governance.

Taste is both personal and beyond reasoning, and therefore disputing over matters of taste never reaches any universality.

Defeasible reasoning is also a kind of ampliative reasoning because its conclusions reach beyond the pure meanings of the premises.

So, for happy years, Helva scooted around in her shell with her classmates, playing such games as Stall, Power-Seek, studying her lessons in trajectory, propulsion techniques, computation, logistics, mental hygiene, basic alien psychology, philology, space history, law, traffic, codes: all the et ceteras that eventually became compounded into a reasoning, logical, informed citizen.

The arguments for this generally rely on crude mechanical reasoning, such as claiming that a lower tension string bed is more bouncy and therefore provides more power.

It includes research on intelligence and behavior, especially focusing on how information is represented, processed, and transformed ( in faculties such as perception, language, memory, reasoning, and emotion ) within nervous systems ( human or other animal ) and machines ( e. g. computers ).

In legal reasoning, for example, this might be a precedent case, such as premeditated murder.

Stove alleged that by using weak or false ad hoc reasoning, these Ultra-Darwinists used evolutionary concepts to offer explanations that were not valid ( e. g., Stove suggested that sociobilogical explanation of altruism as an evolutionary feature was presented in such as way that the argument was effectively immune to any criticism.

Patrick was charged for kidnapping, but he was acquitted with the reasoning: :" here parents are, as here, of the reasonable and intelligent belief that they were not physically capable of recapturing their daughter from existing, imminent danger, then the defense of necessity transfers or transposes to the constituted agent, the person who acts upon their belief under such conditions.

It was the first tool showing the AI ​​ defined by Edward Feigenbaum in his book about the Japanese Fifth Generation, Artificial Intelligence and Japan's Computer Challenge to the World ( 1983 ): " The machines will have reasoning power: they will automatically engineer vast amounts of knowledge to serve whatever purpose humans propose, from medical diagnosis to product design, from management decisions to education ", " The reasoning animal has, perhaps inevitably, fashioned the reasoning machine ", " the reasoning power of these machines matches or exceeds the reasoning power of the humans who instructed them and, in some cases, the reasoning power of any human performing such tasks ".

That is why expert systems using variable facts, which are more understandable to developers creating such systems and hence more common, are less easy to develop, less clear to users, less reliable, and why they don't produce explanations of their reasoning, or contradiction detection.

Inside each brain, there is a program " I " ( the conscious self ), which is distributed over the conscious brain and coordinates mental functions ( cortices ), such as thinking, imagining, sensing, moving and reasoning.

In most jurisdictions, involuntary commitment is specifically applied to individuals found to be suffering from a mental illness that impairs their reasoning ability to such an extent that the laws, state or courts find that decisions must or should be made for them under a legal framework.

Mental processes, mental functions and cognitive processes are terms often used interchangeably ( although not always correctly so, the term cognitive tends to have specific implications – see cognitive and cognitivism ) to mean such functions or processes as perception, introspection, memory, creativity, imagination, conception, belief, reasoning, volition, and emotion — in other words, all the different things that we can do with our minds.

Psychological mechanisms have also been implicated, such as cognitive ( e. g. reasoning ) biases, emotional influences, personality dynamics, temperament and coping style.

As such, the usurper Pepin made shearing Childeric his foremost strategic goal, correctly reasoning that the psychological impact of cutting Childeric's famed hair would be more critical in deposing the dynasty.

In algebra, for such entities as toposes and Hopf algebras, the structure supports an internal language that is a constructive theory ; working within the constraints of that language is often more intuitive and flexible than working externally by such means as reasoning about the set of possible concrete algebras and their homomorphisms.

If his reasoning is valid, he goes on to argue, either it is not very immoral to value small luxuries over saving many lives, or such affluent people are very immoral.

A January 2008 directive states that the reasoning behind this is since " Prisoner of War " is the international legal recognized status for such people there is no need for any individual country to follow suit.

In the mathematical model, reasoning about such data is done in two-valued predicate logic, meaning there are two possible evaluations for each proposition: either true or false ( and in particular no third value such as unknown, or not applicable, either of which are often associated with the concept of NULL ).

But now he knows `` that an intellectual is not only a man to whom books are necessary, he is any man whose reasoning, however elementary it may be, affects and directs his life ''.

The false reasoning is that a gradual advance prolongs the pain while a swift powerful act gets it over with and leaves the girl pleased with his virility and grateful for his decisiveness in settling the problem once and for all.

The tortured reasoning that unions use to deny their ambition to exercise monopoly power over the supply and price of labor is one of the things that create a legal profession.

This is not wholly a reasoning process -- a computer cannot do it all -- and even in an Angel it takes time.

The mandate is distinguished from the appeal court's opinion, which sets out the legal reasoning for its decision.

Affirming the consequent, sometimes called converse error, is a formal fallacy, committed by reasoning in the form:

The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny quantities has been around for millennia, but these ideas were founded in abstract, philosophical reasoning rather than experimentation and empirical observation.

An axiom is a premise or starting point of reasoning.

One modern approach which attempts to overcome the seemingly impossible divide between deontology and utilitarianism is case-based reasoning, also known as casuistry.

After solving a case Poirot has the habit of collecting all people involved into a single room and explaining them the reasoning that led him to the solution, and revealing that the murderer is one of them.

: Alexander insisted on the need for strategic reasoning because kinesthetic sensory awareness is a relative sense, not a truthful indicator of factual bodily relationship in space.

One line of defense is to maintain that this is false, so that mathematical reasoning uses some special intuition that involves contact with the Platonic realm.

Another line of defense is to maintain that abstract objects are relevant to mathematical reasoning in a way that is non causal, and not analogous to perception.

It is currently the most well-developed subfield of automated reasoning.

As substance theorists they accepted à priori the hypothesis that appearances are deceiving, that reality is to be reached through reasoning.

In Hobbes reasoning is the right process of drawing conclusions from definitions ( the " names agreed upon ").

Science, on the other hand, is the outcome of " right reasoning ," which is based on " natural sense and imagination ", a kind of sensitivity to nature, as " nature it selfe cannot erre.

The Buddhist Madhyamaka philosopher, Chandrakirti, used the aggregate nature of objects to demonstrate the lack of essence in what is known as the sevenfold reasoning.

The reasoning for this date is that during his reign that the Babylonians were growing in power.