Counter to the reductionist argument would be a more biological theory ( and somewhat materialistic viewpoint ).

Historicism may be contrasted with reductionist theories, which suppose that all developments can be explained by fundamental principles ( such as in economic determinism ), or theories that posit historical changes as result of random chance.

In this limited sense, there is a nascent Relativism and Constructionism within the French Structuralists that was consciously addressed by them but never examined to the point of dismantling their reductionist tendencies.

Often color in printmaking that involves etching, screenprinting, woodcut, or linocut is applied by either using separate plates, blocks or screens or by using a reductionist approach.

This reductionist understanding is very different from that usually implied by the term ' emergence ', which typically intends that what emerges is more than the sum of the processes from which it emerges.

It has been argued that the generally accepted method of justifying mathematical axioms by their usefulness in common practice can potentially undermine Zermelo's reductionist program.

Poole's Monsters in America, the film is argued to be an indictment of the damage to the human personality caused by reductionist modern ideologies both of the Right and the Left.

10 ) The World Social Forum is opposed to all totalitarian and reductionist views of economy, development and history and to the use of violence as a means of social control by the State.

" However she makes the point that " these alternative modes of knowing, which are oriented to the social benefits and sustenance needs are not recognized by the capitalist reductionist paradigm, because it fails to perceive the interconnectedness of nature, or the connection of women's lives, work and knowledge with the creation of wealth.

When the arm and hand move to pick up the rock (" E ") this is not caused by the preceding mental event M, nor by M and P together, but only by P. The physical causes are in principle reducible to fundamental physics, and therefore mental causes are eliminated using this reductionist explanation.

Dunning and Sheard suggest that the endorsement of a " reductionist " origin myth by the Rugbeians was an attempt to assert their school's position and authority over a sport that they were losing control of.

* Rather than trying to improve the braking system on a car by looking in great detail at the material composition of the brake pads ( reductionist ), the boundary of the braking system may be extended to include the interactions between the:

He says that the worldview of MVAH is closer to the reality described by 20th century physics, which challenged the reductionist materialist worldview by finding that quantum mechanical phenomena contradict the idea of solid matter, that causality is less definite, that material existence is connected in unexpected and nonlocal ways, and that a reductionist view is untenable at the quantum level.

The position of the Roman Catholic Church on the theory of evolution has changed over the last two centuries from a large period of no official mention, to a statement of neutrality in the 1950s, to limited guarded acceptance in recent years, rejecting the materialistic and reductionist philosophies behind it, and insisting that the human soul was immediately infused by God, and the reality of a single human ancestor ( commonly called monogenism ) for all of mankind.

He serves on the Advisory Board of The Occidental Quarterly, a journal that has been described by Max Blumenthal on the website of liberal magazine The American Prospect as " the premier voice of the white-nationalist movement ", and makes occasional contributions to VDARE. com, an immigration reductionist webzine.

Some on the left adopted the rhetoric, which it has been argued, was made possible by their lack of knowledge of the history of fascism and its use of " scapegoating, reductionist and simplistic solutions, demagoguery, and a conspiracy theory of history.

Commentator Sunny Hundal, writing for The Guardian, stated that it is " reductionist " to assign political opinions to a collective guilt such as " white guilt " and that few people on the left actually hold the views being ascribed to them by the conservative writers who expound on the concept of " white guilt " and its implications.

:" The reductionist approach has successfully identified most of the components and many of the interactions but, unfortunately, offers no convincing concepts or methods to understand how system properties emerge ... the pluralism of causes and effects in biological networks is better addressed by observing, through quantitative measures, multiple components simultaneously and by rigorous data integration with mathematical models " ( Sauer et al.

Although it has been argued that zombies in an observed world are indistinguishable from the observer ( and therefore non-existent ) under the assumption of reductionist physicalism, it has also been argued that zombies are not conceivable.

In recent years, the development of systems thinking has provided methods for tackling issues in a holistic rather than a reductionist way, and many scientists approach their work in a holistic paradigm.

Often health system has been defined with a reductionist perspective, for example reducing it to health care system.

This has been criticized as reductionist.

Traditional biology ( and philosophy of biology ) has seen such processes as being purely physical and, being influenced by a reductionist and mechanistic tradition, has adopted a very restricted notion of the physical as having to do with only efficient causation.

: The study of complex systems is bringing new vitality to many areas of science where a more typical reductionist strategy has fallen short.

This rapidly growing group at the Cornwall Campus has a research focus with specialisation in Conservation Biology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavioural Ecology ( whereas work on the Exeter campus concentrates more on reductionist approaches to biology ).

" Thomas Nagel mentions the possibility of cognitive closure to the subjective character of experience and the ( deep ) implications that it has for materialist reductionist science.

The most prominent immigration reductionist in government today is U. S. Congressman Tom Tancredo R-CO. Tancredo has authored a bill that calls for limiting annual immigration to between 30, 000 and 300, 000.

The Federation for American Immigration Reform has spoken out in 2004 against the views of another reductionist leader, Virginia Abernethy, calling her views " repulsive separatist views ," and called on her to resign from the advisory board of Protect Arizona Now in Arizona.

Anthropomorphism has been criticised on a number of grounds, including that it is reductionist.

According to naturalist author Mary Ellen Pitts, in the " seminal " Darwin's Century, Eiseley was studying the history of evolutionary thinking, and he came to see that " as a result of scientific studies, nature has become externalized, particularized, mechanized, separated from the human and fragmented, reduced to conflict without consideration of cooperation, confined to reductionist and positivist study.

Smart has been criticized by some in the futures community as overly reductionist and a techno-optimist.

He was also an early opponent of the traditionalist author René Guénon, citing the latter's uncritical belief in a " Perennial philosophy ", that is, a primal truth revealed directly to primitive humanity, based on an extreme reductionist view of Hinduism, which was the subject of Guénon's first book, L ' Introduction générale a l ' étude des doctrines hindoues, in fact a thesis delivered to Lévi at the Sorbonne, and rejected.

Sigmund Freud's idea that religion is nothing more than an illusion, or even a mental illness, and the Marxist view that religion is " the sigh of the oppressed ," providing only " the illusory happiness of the people ," are two other influential reductionist explanations of religion.

( A dualist who is an ontological reductionist would believe that everything is reducible to two substances-as one possible example, a dualist might claim that reality is composed of " matter " and " spirit ".

( A dualist who is an ontological reductionist would presumably believe that everything is reducible to one of two substances.

This means a basic rejection of the epistemological foundations of classical anarchist theories, due to their tendency towards essentialist or reductionist notions — although post-anarchists are generally quick to point out the many outstanding exceptions, such as those noted above.

( Tanton was a former head of the Sierra Club's population committee and of Zero Population Growth, and founder of the Federation for American Immigration Reform ( FAIR ), an immigration reductionist group.

Continuing his critique of reductionism, he is the author of Mind and Cosmos ( 2012 ), in which he argues against a reductionist view, and specifically the neo-Darwinian view, of the emergence of consciousness.

In his Mind and Cosmos ( 2012 ), Nagel argues in favor of skepticism about materialist and reductionist views of the emergence of life and consciousness, writing that the standard neo-Darwinian view flies in the face of common sense.

Therefore a narrative approach to Scripture, and history are emphasized in some emerging churches over exegetical and dogmatic approaches ( such as that found in systematic theology and systematic exegesis ), which are often viewed as reductionist.

* As a paradigm, usually defined in antithesis to the so-called reductionist paradigm ( biological organisation ), although fully consistent with the scientific method.

Also strongly critical of reductionist accounts of mind ( e. g., behaviorism ), he maintained to the contrary that mind is the reality of which we are in fact most certain.

Carrying Capacity Network ( CCN ), another small reductionist group closely related to PEB, shares that goal while repeating that it is not opposed to immigration.

Whether the “ it ” be that of Richard Dawkins ’ reductionist gene-centred worldpicture, the “ universal acid ” of Daniel Dennett ’ s meaningless Darwinism, or David Sloan Wilson ’ s faith in group selection ( not least to explain the role of human religions ), we certainly need to acknowledge each provides insights but as total explanations of what we see around us they are, to put it politely, somewhat incomplete.