The relative atomic mass ( historically and commonly also called " atomic weight ") of an element is the average of the atomic masses of all the chemical element's isotopes as found in a particular environment, weighted by isotopic abundance, relative to the atomic mass unit ( u ).

As with the isotopes of other elements, a variety of processes fractionate, or alter the relative abundance of, calcium isotopes.

In high southern hemisphere latitudes, such as New Zealand and Antarctica the mass die-off of flora caused no significant turnover in species, but dramatic and short-term changes in the relative abundance of plant groups.

This ion-exchange process is the basis of the " negative europium anomaly ", the low europium content in many lanthanide minerals such as monazite, relative to the chondritic abundance.

Elton defined ecological relations using concepts of food chains, food cycles, and food size, and described numerical relations among different functional groups and their relative abundance.

Thus, ecosystem processes are driven by the number of species in an ecosystem, the exact nature of each individual species, and the relative abundance organisms within these species.

Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust.

For those gases, the relative radiative forcing will depend upon abundance and hence upon the future scenario adopted.

The relative abundance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon ( which in turn is made from three helium nuclei ).

The components of this eigenvector give the relative abundance of each sequence at equilibrium.

Tacticity measurements obtained by Carbon-13 NMR are typically expressed in terms of the relative abundance of various pentads within the polymer molecule, e. g. mmmm, mrrm.

The average meso sequence length may be approximated from the relative abundance of pentads as follows:

A logarithm of the relative iron abundance is compared to the Sun.

Specialized archaeologists called palaeoethnobotanists, relying on data such as the relative abundance of charred grains found in archaeological sites, hypothesize that the cultivation of millets was of greater prevalence in prehistory than rice, especially in northern China and Korea.

Clarke has calculated the relative abundance of the principal rock-forming minerals with the following results: apatite = 0. 6, titanium minerals = 1. 5, quartz = 12. 0, feldspars = 59. 5, biotite = 3. 8, hornblende and pyroxene = 16. 8, total = 94. 2 %.

This is partially due to a relative abundance of water compared to the surrounding deserts.

Observations are made in the field using carefully designed protocols and the data may be analysed to estimate bird diversity, relative abundance or absolute population densities.

In particular, the relative abundance of europium compared to the other REE is often markedly higher or lower, and called the europium anomaly.

Sandstone classification schemes vary widely, but most geologists have adopted the Dott scheme, which uses the relative abundance of quartz, feldspar, and lithic framework grains and the abundance of muddy matrix between these larger grains.

Cosmic rays are enriched in lithium, beryllium, and boron with regard to the relative abundance of these elements in the universe compared to hydrogen and helium, and thus are thought to have a primary role in the synthesis of these three elements through the process of " cosmic ray nucleosynthesis ".

Chief nuclear reactions responsible for the abundance of the chemical elements | relative abundances of light atomic nucleus | atomic nuclei observed throughout the universe.

This technique is also widely used the field of radiometric dating, in which it is used to analyze relative abundance of different isotopes.

Both magnitude (" relative strength ") and " range ", as given in the table, are meaningful only within a rather complex theoretical framework.

After Stalin's death in 1953, his successor Nikita Khrushchev repudiated his policies, condemned Stalin's cult of personality in his Secret Speech to the Twentieth Party Congress in 1956, and instituted destalinisation and relative liberalisation ( within the same political framework ).

Like pottery, the typology of the stone tools combined with the relative sequence of the types in various regions provide a chronological framework for the evolution of man and society.

* Relational theory, framework to understand reality or a physical system in such a way that the positions and other properties of objects are only meaningful relative to other objects

So the lower territorial administrative bodies have on the one hand a relative autonomy — but on the other hand they must work within the national legal framework, loyally implement national government policy and are subject to central control.

The Meta-geopolitics framework allows for the assessment of relative strengths and weaknesses as well as predictions about future trends.

Though Marx ´ s transformation procedure was not correct-because it didn ´ t calculate prices and profit rate simultaneously, but sequentially-Bortkiewicz has shown that it ´ s possible to get the correct results using the marxian framework, i. e. using the marxian variables constant capital and variable capital it is possible to obtain the profit rate and the relative prices in a 3 sector model.

This timescale remained a relative scale until the development of radiometric dating, which gave it and the stratigraphy it was based on an absolute time framework, leading to the development of chronostratigraphy.

The pattern that a particular country will follow, in this framework, depends on its size and resources, and potentially other factors including its current income level and comparative advantages relative to other nations.

In 1905, however, Einstein's special theory of relativity claimed that space and time are both relative, refuting the very framework of Newton's theory that claimed that space and time were both absolute.

Within the framework of the theory and its terminology there is a relativity of simultaneity that affects how the specified events are aligned with respect to each other by observers in relative motion.

The framework of his arguments center on the Great Chain of Being, in which God's perfect goodness is relative to His perfect being.

In 1975, the highly influential work of Allan Schnaiberg transfigured environmental sociology, proposing a societal-environmental dialectic, though within the ' neo-Marxist ' framework of the relative autonomy of the state as well.

Within this framework, the actor-observer asymmetry was then reformulated as in fact consisting of three asymmetries: that actors offer more reason explanations ( relative to CHR explanations ) than observers do ; that actors offer more belief reasons ( relative to desire reasons ) than observers do ; and that actors use fewer belief reason markers than observers do ( Malle, 1999 ).

As William Clocksin wrote in 2003: " the framework starts from Weizenbaum ’ s observation that intelligence manifests itself only relative to specific social and cultural contexts ".

In physics and philosophy, a relational theory is a framework to understand reality or a physical system in such a way that the positions and other properties of objects are only meaningful relative to other objects.

In sprouted and cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these grains is remarkably different from that of raw form of these grains reported in this table.

Spices that have now fallen into obscurity in European cuisine include grains of paradise, a relative of cardamom which most replaced pepper in late medieval north French cooking, long pepper, mace, spikenard, galangal and cubeb.

In sprouted or cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these grains is remarkably different from that of raw form of these grains reported in this table.

In sprouted or cooked form, the relative nutritional and antinutritional contents of each of these grains is remarkably different from that of raw form of these grains reported in this table.

The adjacent grains do not have the same orientation of the lattice thus giving the atoms in GB shifted positions relative to the lattice in the crystals.

The r-process isotopic anomalies of these grains include relative excesses of N-15 and O-18 relative to solar system abundances, as well as excesses of neutron-rich Ca-42, Ca-42, and Ti-49.

This means that fine-grained materials actually have a poor resistance to creep relative to coarser grains, especially at high temperatures, because smaller grains contain more atoms in grain boundary sites.

When the average energy of the individual grains is low and the grains are fairly stationary relative to each other, the granular material acts like a solid.

The electron beam suffers diffraction by the regular crystal lattice planes of the metal atoms and the differing relative angles between the beam and the lattice planes of each grain in the metal's microstructure result in image contrast ( between grains of different crystallographic orientation ).

Some grains and cereals, such as wheat, also contain FOS .< ref > The Jerusalem artichoke and its relative yacón have been found to have the highest concentrations of FOS of cultured plants.

Because cats are obligate carnivores, it is believed that a switch to a predominantly meat based raw diet would be especially beneficial ( as compared to a raw diet for dogs ) due to cats ' relative inability to digest grains.

Because the original factory loads for the 6. 5 × 54 used projectiles that were long and heavy ( 160 grains ) relative to their diameter, they proved capable ( in solid form ) of very deep penetration through muscle and bone.

Optical density is a result of the darkness of a developed picture and can be expressed absolutely as the number of dark spots ( i. e., silver grains in developed films ) in a given area, but usually it is a relative value, expressed in a scale.

The relative orientation of the two grains is described using the rotation matrix:

From AACC ( American Association of Cereal Chemists ) definition: " Whole grains shall consist of the intact, ground, cracked or flaked caryopsis, whose principal anatomical components-the starchy endosperm, germ and bran-are present in the same relative proportions as they exist in the intact caryopsis.