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Page "Chemical element" ¶ 19
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relative and atomic
For example, the relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35. 453 u, which differs greatly from a whole number due to being made of an average of 76 % chlorine-35 and 24 % chlorine-37.
Whenever a relative atomic mass value differs by more than 1 % from a whole number, it is due to this averaging effect resulting from significant amounts of more than one isotope being naturally present in the sample of the element in question.
The terms " light " and " heavy " are sometimes also used informally to indicate relative atomic numbers ( not densities!
The flat faces ( also called facets ) of a euhedral crystal are oriented in a specific way relative to the underlying atomic arrangement of the crystal: They are planes of relatively low Miller index.
If the cooling is sufficiently rapid ( relative to the characteristic crystallization time ) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at T < sub > g </ sub >.
Because of its relative nuclear instability, lithium is less common in the solar system than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements even though the nuclei are very light in atomic weight.
In 1805, the chemist John Dalton published his first table of relative atomic weights, listing six elements, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus, and assigning hydrogen an atomic weight of 1.
The numerical value of the molecular mass expressed in unified atomic mass units is equivalent to the dimensionless relative molecular mass M < sub > r </ sub >:
The NRC attaches a " relative uncertainty " of 2. 5 ( limited by day-to-day and device-to-device reproducibility ) to their atomic clock based upon the < sup > 127 </ sup > I < sub > 2 </ sub > molecule, and is advocating use of an < sup > 88 </ sup > Sr ion trap instead ( relative uncertainty due to linewidth of 2. 2 ).
Isotopes of silver range in relative atomic mass from 93. 943 (< sup > 94 </ sup > Ag ) to 126. 936 (< sup > 127 </ sup > Ag ); the primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, < sup > 107 </ sup > Ag, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay.
Vibrations are relative motions of the atomic nuclei and are studied by both infrared and Raman spectroscopy.
) Many experiments have confirmed time dilation, such as the relativistic decay of muons from cosmic ray showers and the slowing of atomic clocks aboard a Space Shuttle relative to synchronized Earth-bound inertial clocks.
The relative intensities of these spots provide the information to determine the arrangement of molecules within the crystal in atomic detail.
The convention had reverted to defining the atomic weight of hydrogen as 1, although at the level of precision of measurements at that time — relative uncertainties of around 1 % — this was numerically equivalent to the later standard of oxygen = 16.
The atomic weight scale has traditionally been a relative scale, that is without an explicit unit, with the first atomic weight basis suggested by John Dalton in 1803 as < sup > 1 </ sup > H.

relative and mass
With the formula C < sub > n </ sub > H < sub > 2n + 2 </ sub >, Alkanes belong to a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ by a constant relative molecular mass of 14.
The second term is the angular momentum that is the result of the particles moving relative to their center of mass.
Biological weapons allow for the potential to create a level of destruction and loss of life far in excess of nuclear, chemical or conventional weapons, relative to their mass and cost of development and storage.
Except in the case of the isotopes of hydrogen ( which differ greatly from each other in relative mass — enough to cause chemical effects ), the isotopes of the various elements are typically chemically nearly indistinguishable from each other.
The 20 % range in relative mass among naturally occurring calcium isotopes is greater than for any element except hydrogen and helium.
In high southern hemisphere latitudes, such as New Zealand and Antarctica the mass die-off of flora caused no significant turnover in species, but dramatic and short-term changes in the relative abundance of plant groups.
Entertainment based occupations that are not as well known in the general public or are simply antiquated ( e. g. magicians, photographers, and some visual artists such as painters and potters ) relative to the present day mass media industry are less likely to become celebrities ( though there are exceptions such as illusionists David Copperfield and Criss Angel, or photographer David LaChapelle ).
Examples of genetic classification include methods based on the relative frequency of different air mass types or locations within synoptic weather disturbances.
As the mass of a model white dwarf increases, the typical energies to which degeneracy pressure forces the electrons are no longer negligible relative to their rest masses.
volume ) and its position in time ( perceived as a scalar dimension along the t-axis ), as well as the spatial constitution of objects within — structures that correlate with both particle and field conceptions, interact according to relative properties of massand are fundamentally mathematical in description.
In this geometric description, tidal effects — the relative acceleration of bodies in free fall — are related to the derivative of the connection, showing how the modified geometry is caused by the presence of mass.
The shape of the skeleton gives the giraffe a small lung volume relative to its mass.
This maneuver can only change an object's velocity relative to a third, uninvolved object, – possibly the “ centre of mass ” or the Sun.
Stating it this way allows the relative toxicity of different substances to be compared, and normalizes for the variation in the size of the animals exposed ( although toxicity does not always scale simply with body mass ).
As mentioned above, Tim Groseclose of UCLA and Jeff Milyo of the University of Missouri at Columbia use think tank quotes, in order to estimate the relative position of mass media outlets in the political spectrum.
The values of luminosity ( L ), radius ( R ) and mass ( M ) are relative to the Sun — a dwarf star with a spectral classification of G2 V. The actual values for a star may vary by as much as 20 – 30 % from the values listed below.

relative and historically
The phenomenological position is that although the facticity of the social world may be culturally and historically relative, the formal structures of consciousness, and the processes by which we come to know and understand this facticity, are not.
Alternatively, if the facticity of the social world and the structures of consciousness prove to be culturally and historically relative, then we are at an impasse in regard to any meaningful scientific understanding of the social world which is not subjective ( as opposed to being objective and grounded in nature, or inter subjective and grounded in the structures of consciousness ), and relative to the cultural and idealization formations of particular concrete individuals living in a particular socio-historical group.
Earth's precession was historically called precession of the equinoxes because the equinoxes moved westward along the ecliptic relative to the fixed stars, opposite to the motion of the Sun along the ecliptic.
Like other major Western noble titles, Viscount is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions, even though they are as a rule historically unrelated and thus hard to compare which are considered ' equivalent ' in relative rank.
Like other major Western noble titles, baron is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions, even though they are necessarily historically unrelated and thus hard to compare, which are considered ' equivalent ' in relative rank.
Territory historically inhabited by the Gabrielino ( Tongva ) relative to those of the other Takic-speaking groups
The film is not historically accurate, depicting too many Continental troops relative to the number of militia, and that the Continentals and militia retreated at the same time.
Flotation ( historically spelled floatation ) involves phenomena related to the relative buoyancy of objects.
Economic growth in much of Latin America in the last few years has been at historically high rates, and debt levels, relative to the size of these economies, are on average significantly lower than they were several years ago.
Herzog attributes the similarly simple lullabies, song-stories, and gambling songs found all over the continent historically to the music of the Great Basin which was preserved through relative cultural isolation and low-population.
Lucas's criticism, while acknowledging that morality is historically relative, was thus values-based.
This program features an actual ninja master from a historically known ninja clan preparing his son, daughter, and youngest child, along with a family relative and a police officer with ninja roots to combat the re-emergence of a centuries-old demon samurai, his evil offspring, and a host of international ninja warriors from around the world hoping to tip the scales of justice.
These statistics reflected continual growth in the number and size of Mormons and Assemblies of God and a relative decline in the membership of the historically larger denominations.
Nyingmapa are also historically characterized and distinguished by decentralization and by their general wider political disinterest, with a lesser emphasis on monasticism relative to the other schools, with a correspondingly greater preponderance of ngakpas, uncelibate householders and yogins.
When games are played, most of the time each country is given ( in relative terms ) the amount of troops it had historically.
It has historically been the most important Marian icon in Rome, and although devotion to it declined somewhat relative to other images, such as Our Mother of Perpetual Help, over the centuries, it regained some status by being crowned by Pope Pius XII in 1954.
Central to antihumanism is the view that concepts of " human nature ", " man ", or " humanity ", should be rejected as historically relative or metaphysical.

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