See relative biological effectiveness for a discussion of this.

Cultural universals such as emotion and the relative resilience of psychological adaptation to accidental biological changes ( for instance the David Reimer case of gender reassignment following an accident ) also support basic biological mechanisms in the mind.

In a similar way, the alpha emitting actinides and radium are considered very harmful as they tend to have long biological half-lives and their radiation has a high relative biological effectiveness, making it far more damaging to tissues per amount of energy deposited.

Samples obtained from blood relatives ( biological relative ) can provide an indication of an individual's profile, as could human remains which had been previously profiled.

Biocontainment can be classified by the relative danger to the surrounding environment as biological safety levels ( BSL ).

Meanwhile, relative to other nuclear weapons, damage is more focused on biological material than on material infrastructure ( though extreme blast and heat effects are not eliminated ).

This was broken down into about 30 percent living with a stepparent, 23 percent living with a biological mother, 6 percent with grandparents as caregivers, 4 percent with a biological father, 4 percent with someone who was not a direct relative, and a small 1 percent living with a foster family.

The distinction between absorbed dose ( Gy ) and dose equivalent ( Sv ) is based upon the biological effects of the weighting factor ( denoted w < sub > r </ sub >) and tissue / organ weighting factor ( W < sub > T </ sub >) have been established, which compare the relative biological effects of various types of radiation and the susceptibility of different organs.

Her father may have died when she was very young, as she was raised by her relative Praetorian Guard Prefect Lucius Seius Strabo, the biological father of her adoptive brother Lucius Aelius Sejanus, commander of the Praetorian Guard under the Emperor Tiberius.

These scientists made three claims about race: first, that races are objective, naturally occurring divisions of humanity ; second, that there is a strong relationship between biological races and other human phenomena ( such as forms of activity and interpersonal relations and culture, and by extension the relative material success of cultures ), thus biologizing the notion of " race ", as Foucault demonstrated in his historical analysis ; third, that race is therefore a valid scientific category that can be used to explain and predict individual and group behavior.

Consequently, in living tissue, neutrons have a relatively high relative biological effectiveness, and are roughly ten times more effective at causing biological damage compared to gamma or beta radiation of equivalent radiation exposure.

B. pseudomallei, like its relative B. mallei which causes Glanders, was studied by the U. S. as a potential biological warfare agent, but was never weaponized.

Marx saw this relative surplus population as coming from economic causes and not from biological causes ( as in Malthus ).

Drawing conclusions about the biological community already in Lake Winnipeg is difficult, due to the relative lack of biological sampling compared to Devils Lake.

The indigenous Americans, particularly in the Caribbean ( and island peoples in general ) lived in relative biological isolation compared to Europeans who were exposed to pathogens that spread across Eurasian trade routes.

This is because leachates contain very high ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations, they are usually very acidic, they are often anoxic and, if received in large volumes relative to the incoming sewage flow, they lack the Phosphorus needed to prevent nutrient starvation for the biological communities that perform the sewage treatment processes.

The presence of volatile components is another example of this ; mixtures of volatile compounds can be more volatile than their components, which can create artificially high levels of ethanol ( or other ) vapors relative to the normal biological blood / breath alcohol equilibrium.

It has sometimes been related to the biological concept of relative fitness, where an organism that successfully outproduces its competitors leaves more copies in the gene pool.

the relative effectiveness of voluntary versus mandatory reporting of accident statistics ; ;

Although this policy met with initial success, it gradually undermined the relative effectiveness of imperial bureaucracy by placing family connections over merit.

The development of new antipsychotics with fewer of these adverse effects and with greater relative effectiveness as compared to existing antipsychotics ( efficacy ), is an ongoing field of research.

Each methodology differs both in the ways in which they are implemented, as well as the relative effectiveness they afford in increasing the CPU's performance for an application.

The same is true for alternative insecticides, so its relative effectiveness varies.

The relative effectiveness of IRS ( with DDT or alternative insecticides ) versus other malaria control techniques ( e. g. bednets or prompt access to anti-malarial drugs ) varies greatly and is highly dependent on local conditions.

By taking both in-role and extra-role performance into account, industrial – organizational psychologists are able to assess employees ' effectiveness ( how well they do what they were hired to do ), efficiency ( their relative outputs to relative inputs ), and their productivity ( how much they help the organization reach its goals ).

Advantages include relative effectiveness, ease of implementation, long-established legal precedent, and familiarity.

In democratic societies the goals and mechanisms of formal social control are determined through legislation by elected representatives and thus enjoy a measure of support from the population and voluntary compliance. Douglas D. Heckathorn notes that the effectiveness of any type of formal control is determined by the relative strength of the sanction in terms of extent of punishment, monitoring ability, and degree of group or informal control on the individual.

Probably one of the more prevalent antimalarial drugs prescribed, due to its relative effectiveness and cheapness, doxycycline is a tetracycline compound derived from oxytetracycline.

The circumstantial nature of the relative communicative competence and effectiveness of one style over another can be exemplified by coaching.

The relative effectiveness of this user management directly impacts the quality of a forum in general, its appeal, and its usefulness as a community of interrelated users.

Clarity of language, relative type size and proximity to the claim being qualified, and an absence of contrary claims that could undercut effectiveness, will maximize the likelihood that the qualifications and disclosures are appropriately clear and prominent.

To this end, a 1957 study compared the relative effectiveness of three different psychotherapies in treating alcoholics who had been committed to a state hospital for sixty days: a therapy based on two-factor learning theory, client-centered therapy, and psychoanalytic therapy.

It assesses the cost effectiveness of new treatments by analysing the cost and benefit of the proposed treatment relative to the next best treatment that is currently in use.

When combined with the relative cost of treatment this information can be used to form an Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio ( ICER ) to allow comparison of suggested expenditure against current resource use at the margin ( the cost effectiveness threshold ).

The relative dominance of the Democratic party through the 1930s through the 1960s coincided with a precipitous drop in the membership and effectiveness of the College Republicans.

Watchers are typically well versed in hand-to-hand combat techniques, though they generally confine themselves to training Slayers or supporting them in battle, as their relative strength limits their effectiveness in directly engaging vampires.

Questions remain regarding the relative safety and cost effectiveness of this new class.

A model comparing the theoretical relative frequency of gastrointestinal adverse effects and cost effectiveness of celecoxib, nonspecific NSAIDs alone, NSAIDs plus a proton pump inhibitor, NSAIDs plus an H < sub > 2 </ sub > receptor antagonist, NSAIDs plus misoprostol, and diclofenac / misoprostol, found the lowest probability of adverse gastrointestinal events for celecoxib, followed by NSAIDs plus a proton pump inhibitor, NSAIDs plus an H < sub > 2 </ sub > receptor antagonist, NSAID plus misoprostol, diclofenac / misoprostol, and NSAID alone.

* relative biological effectiveness ( RBE )

The ultimate actions of these compounds in specific cells is determined by many factors including the relative levels of the estrogen receptors ER alpha and beta and the diverse mix of coactivators and corepressors present in any given cell type.

More specifically, the relative beta activity ( compared to the rest of the brain ) is increased, the relative alpha activity is decreased, and the theta activity both absolutely and relatively is diminished.

* Separation factor ( alpha ) practically is a relative comparison how well two components of the mixture were separated.

Theoretical galactic evolution models predict that early in the universe there were more alpha elements relative to Fe.

In fluid dynamics, angle of attack ( AOA, or ( Greek letter alpha )) is the angle between a reference line on a body ( often the chord line of an airfoil ) and the vector representing the relative motion between the body and the fluid through which it is moving.

One of the unusual features of the kinship structure of the white-headed capuchin, relative to other primate species, is the high degree of relatedness within groups that results from the long tenures of alpha males who sire most of the offspring.

The high degree to which alpha males monopolize matings results in an unusually large number of paternal half-siblings and full siblings in this species relative to other primate species.

Two anomers are designated alpha ( α ) or beta ( β ), according to the configurational relationship between the anomeric centre and the anomeric reference atom, hence they are relative stereodescriptors.

) secondary isotope effects where such prefixes refer to the position of the isotopic substitution relative to the reaction center ( see alpha and beta carbon ).

An interesting characteristic of Population II stars is that despite their lower overall metallicity, they often have a higher relative abundance of alpha elements ( O, Si, Ne, etc.

DXT2 and DXT3 ( collectively also known as Block Compression 2 or BC2 ) converts 16 input pixels ( corresponding to a 4x4 pixel block ) into 128 bits of output, consisting of 64 bits of alpha channel data ( 4 bits for each pixel ) followed by 64 bits of color data, encoded the same way as DXT1 ( with the exception that the 4 color version of the DXT1 algorithm is always used instead of deciding which version to use based on the relative values of and ).

Often, the return of a benchmark is subtracted in order to consider relative performance, which yields Jensen's alpha.

T < sub > a </ sub > and T < sub > c </ sub > are the half-lives of the parent nucleus relative to alpha decay and cluster radioactivity, respectively.

From many decay modes with half-lives and branching ratios relative to alpha decay predicted with the analytical superasymmetric fission ( ASAF ) model, the following 11 have been experimentally confirmed: < sup > 14 </ sup > C, < sup > 20 </ sup > O, < sup > 23 </ sup > F, < sup > 22, 24-26 </ sup > Ne, < sup > 28, 30 </ sup > Mg, < sup > 32, 34 </ sup > Si.