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reliability and statistical
Even for observational data, statistical theory provides a way of calculating a value that can be used to interpret a sample of data from a population, it can provide a means of indicating how well that value is determined by the sample, and thus a means of saying corresponding values derived for different populations are as different as they might seem ; however, the reliability of inferences from post-hoc observational data is often worse than for planned randomized generation of data.
Decentralization of training and inspection, through the standards themselves, and related schedules of standardized testing and random spot inspection, achieves a very high statistical reliability of service, i. e. automobiles which rarely stall, cars which rarely leak, and the like.
The success of the aforementioned vas occlusion techniques remains to be seen as there limited statistical reports as to reliability, reversal and / or use to date.
Some studies have shown the statistical validity and reliability to be low.
* Cronbach's alpha, a statistical measure of reliability
* Statistical techniques can be applied to the survey data to determine validity, reliability, and statistical significance even when analyzing multiple variables.
The methodology explains how to build predictive statistical models for software reliability and robustness and shows how simulation and analysis techniques can be combined with structural design and architecture methods to effectively produce software and information systems at Six Sigma levels.
Cognitive bias is any of a wide range of observer effects identified in cognitive science, including very basic statistical and memory errors that are common to all human beings ( many of which have been discussed by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman ) and drastically skew the reliability of anecdotal and legal evidence.
As with all Soviet historiography, reliability of Soviet statistical data varied from period to period.
The first revolutionary decade and the period of Stalin's dictatorship both appear highly problematic with regards to statistical reliability ; very little statistical data were published from 1936 to 1956 ( see Soviet Census ( 1937 )).
In line with the creation of safety cases for safety, it needs to provide a robust set of ( statistical ) evidence and justification material to verify if the top reliability or availability requirements can or have been met.
Another practical issue concerns a general lack of availability of detailed failure data and not consistent filtering of failure ( feedback ) data or ingoring statistical errors, which are very high for rare events ( like reliability related failures ).
In most cases, reliability parameters are specified with appropriate statistical confidence intervals.
The desired level of statistical confidence also plays an important role in reliability testing.
The desired reliability, statistical confidence, and risk levels for each side influence the ultimate test plan.
Despite this difference in the source of failure between software and hardware — software does not wear out — some in the software reliability engineering community believe statistical models used in hardware reliability are nevertheless useful as a measure of software reliability, describing what we experience with software: the longer software is run, the higher the probability that it will eventually be used in an untested manner and exhibit a latent defect that results in a failure ( Shooman 1987 ), ( Musa 2005 ), ( Denney 2005 ).
The data are constantly analyzed using statistical techniques, such as Weibull analysis and linear regression, to ensure the system reliability meets requirements.
The body of knowledge for the test includes: reliability management, design evaluation, product safety, statistical tools, design and development, modeling, reliability testing, collecting and using data, etc.

reliability and unit
* BMP-2 upgrade designed by Nimda fitting it with new power unit and automatic transmission which improves both mobility and reliability.
Originally operated with self-powered electric multiple unit cars, which were later replaced with locomotive-hauled trainsets due to their vastly decreasing reliability and other issues ( such as being demoted to 90 miles per hour in the late 1970s ), the train offered reserved business-class and first-class seating.
In addition, Porsche made many changes to the 3. 4-liter unit over its production lifespan, so the last of the last of these 3. 4L engines ( made in 2001 ) have improved reliability.
The Genesis unit is a fully computerized locomotive which automatically controls all on-board functions, thus producing high reliability while keeping the maintenance requirements low.
* Failures in time, a unit rate of failure, used in reliability engineering
Barrel life and mechanical reliability are improved, and an electrical control unit now allows the pilot to select two rates of fire: 1, 800 rounds per minute for air-to-air use or 1, 200 rounds per minute for air-to-ground attacks.
Another reason for the engine's success was reliability ; unit construction ( no separate cylinder head ) meant the engine was not vulnerable to head gasket or cylinder stud problems and allowed for higher cylinder pressures.
It was the successor to the Ferranti Mark 1, adding a floating point unit for improved performance, and increased reliability by replacing the Williams tube memory with core memory and using more solid state components.
The examples of the work done would be: benchmarking to the other cities with the similar programs, comparing to the best practices entities or guidelines, assessing performance measures of the unit within the entity, checking the reliability of the IT systems of the municipalities, assessing the economic impact of programs or events, etc.
Work on a new Fault Tolerant Inertial Navigation Unit ( FTINU ) started in 2001 to enhance mission reliability for Atlas vehicles by replacing the existing non-redundant navigation and computing equipment with a fault tolerant unit.
Side intakes allowed the unit to take in cooler air, and the electric fans improved a serious reliability issue found in its earlier DC sisters.
Like the 7. 4-litre engine the 600 was a six-cylinder direct-injection pushrod overhead valve unit, but the cylinder head was split into two, with each head and gasket unit covering three-cylinder bores, other important features designed to enhance reliability were a gear driven, rather than chain drive, camshaft, mounted lower in the block ; a nitrided crankshaft running in strip-bearings and chromium-plated piston-rings.

reliability and is
The International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale ( ICARS ) is one of the most widely used and has been proven to have very high reliability and validity.
The reported output from global aquaculture operations would supply one half of the fish and shellfish that is directly consumed by humans ; however, there are issues about the reliability of the reported figures.
The next topic which Hume strives to give treatment is that of the reliability of human testimony, and of the role that testimony plays a part in epistemology.
The lack of moving parts makes them appropriate for long term use in exposed automated weather stations and weather buoys where the accuracy and reliability of traditional cup-and-vane anemometers is adversely affected by salty air or large amounts of dust.
The key index used to assess passenger train performance is the Public Performance Measure, which combines figures for punctuality and reliability.
Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs ( although there is debate over the reliability of this as well ); he was given a Ford car " worth over $ 700 " by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community.
This method is time consuming and requires trained staff, but it has high interobserver reliability.
Their reliability as indicators of consciousness is disputed, however, due to numerous studies showing that alert human subjects can be induced to behave purposefully in a variety of ways in spite of reporting a complete lack of awareness.
A strong indication of the reliability of Chandrasekhar's formula is that the absolute magnitudes of supernovae of Type Ia are all approximately the same ; at maximum luminosity, M < sub > V </ sub > is approximately-19. 3, with a standard deviation of no more than 0. 3 .< sup >, ( 1 )</ sup > A 1-sigma interval therefore represents a factor of less than 2 in luminosity.
While the reliability of these sources has increasingly been called into question, it is known that during his brief reign, Caligula worked to increase the unconstrained personal power of the emperor ( as opposed to countervailing powers within the principate ).
Another is the smoothbore 12 pounder Napoleon, which was renowned for its sturdiness, reliability, firepower, flexibility, relatively light weight, and range of.
Finding similar conclusions from multiple independent methods is also evidence for the reliability of the methods themselves, because consilience eliminates the possibility of all potential errors that do not affect all the methods equally.
The reliability of field sobriety tests is somewhat questionable, although they are commonly used in various jurisdictions.
Proponents argue that the inter-rater reliability of DSM diagnoses ( via a specialized Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV ( SCID ) rather than usual psychiatric assessment ) is reasonable, and that there is good evidence of distinct patterns of mental, behavioral or neurological dysfunction to which the DSM disorders correspond well.
It is accepted, however, that there is an " enormous " range of reliability findings in studies, and that validity is unclear because, given the lack of diagnostic laboratory or neuroimaging tests, standard clinical interviews are " inherently limited " and only a (" flawed ") " best estimate diagnosis " is possible even with full assessment of all data over time.
Critics, such as psychiatrist Niall McLaren, argue that the DSM lacks validity because it has no relation to an agreed scientific model of mental disorder and therefore the decisions taken about its categories ( or even the question of categories versus dimensions ) were not scientific ones ; and that it lacks reliability partly because different diagnoses share many criteria, and what appear to be different criteria are often just rewordings of the same idea, meaning that the decision to allocate one diagnosis or another to a patient is to some extent a matter of personal prejudice.
The message is regarded as tendentious and of little reliability, and some researchers believe that the statement was made with malicious intent.
Another concept due to Dijkstra in the field of distributed computing is that of self-stabilization – an alternative way to ensure the reliability of the system.
The reliability of an expert system is the same as the reliability of a database, i. e. good, higher than that of a classical program.

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