Mozi advocated frugality, condemning the Confucian emphasis on ritual and music, which he denounced as extravagant.

African music was largely functional, for work or ritual.

Unlike Confucius, he holds a distinctive repulsion to any development in ritual music and the fine arts.

Here the role and place of music needs to be interpreted through a broader framework in which tradition and ritual are understood as processes of identity and identification, as encoded and embodied forms of collective meaning and memory.

He took his imagery from both the everyday rituals of African American rural life in the south and urban life in the north, melding those American experiences with his personal experiences and with the themes of classical literature, religion, myth, music and daily human ritual.

During a sacrifice or other ritual, the senses of all participants and witnesses would be dulled and blurred with smoke, incense, and music.

Queen Elizabeth ( 1558 – 1603 ) was a moderate Protestant who eschewed the more extreme forms of Puritanism and retained a fondness for elaborate ritual, besides being a music lover and keyboard player herself.

An antiphon ( Greek ἀντίφωνον, ἀντί " opposite " + φωνή " voice ") in Christian music and ritual, is a " responsory " by a choir or congregation, usually in Gregorian chant, to a psalm or other text in a religious service or musical work.

All instruments made out of stone are in one group, all those made out of wood in another, those made out of silk are in a third, and all those made of bamboo in the 4th, as recorded in the Yo Chi ( record of ritual music and dance ), compiled from sources of the Chou period ( 9th-5th centuries BC ), and corresponding to the 4 seasons and 4 winds ( Kartomi, 1990 ).

Smohalla claimed that visions came to him through dreams, and he preached a return to the original way of life before white influences which included ritual music and dancing.

His supporters argue that his empowering approach is legitimate, and praise the range of Jewish ritual art, music and liturgical innovation that his work has seeded.

It fared better at Glyndebourne in 1990, but Tippett's bleak vision of ' Terror Town ', where the sole unifying ritual is the singing of Auld Lang Syne at the turn of the year, surprised and disturbed those who perhaps missed the astonishing youthful energy and inventiveness of the music.

It is believed that this music lay somewhere between singing and speaking, or speaking with an understood ritual cadence.

* Do, a type of buk ( drum ) used in Korean ritual music

Altogether, Bhakti resulted in a mass of devotional literature, music and art that has enriched the world and given India renewed spiritual impetus, one eschewing unnecessary ritual and artificial social boundaries.

Some shamans take drugs from such plants as peyote and cannabis ( also see cannabis ( drug ) or certain mushrooms in their attempts to reach ecstasy, while others rely on such non-chemical means as ritual, music, dance, ascetic practices, or visual designs as aids to mental discipline.

The traditional sheng ( 传统笙, pinyin: chuántǒng shēng ) used in, for example, northern Chinese ritual music, kunqu and Jiangnan sizhu ensembles generally have 17 pipes but with only 13 or 14 sounding pipes.

The use of music and dance has also decreased in ritual behavior inexplicably since ethnographers began studying the Lacandón.

He is noted for establishing a rule for conduct in the khanaqah and also for the introduction of music ( sama '), poetry and dance, as part of the Sufi collective devotional ritual of dhikr.

The Quetzalcoatl ritual is performed on the pyramid on both the spring and fall equinoxes, with poetry, indigenous dance, music played on pre-Hispanic instruments and fireworks.

Traditional music from Nigeria and throughout Africa is almost always functional ; in other words, it is performed to mark a ritual such as a wedding or funeral and not for pure entertainment or artistic enjoyment.

There are three varieties of Berber folk music: village and ritual music, and the music performed by professional musicians.

Although there was a tradition of massed instruments in the ritual court music form known as yayue, for the most part music was usually played by a handful of musicians, and even in yayue a single dominant melodic line was favoured.

By the 15th century, its authority in the Spanish Jewish community was such that Joseph ibn Shem-Tov drew from it arguments in his attacks against Maimonides, and even representatives of non-mystical Jewish thought began to assert its sacredness and invoke its authority in the decision of some ritual questions.

In 1522, the Taíno Cacique Enriquillo ( Little Henry ) successfully rebelled against Spanish rule, forcing them to agree to a treaty that granted the natives the human rights of Freedom and of Possession ; yet that forced concession proved inconsequential, because European diseases, slavery, and ritual infanticide and suicide ( meant to avoid adult and infantile enslavement ) quickly killed most of the Taíno people.

Marrano in 15th century Spanish first meant pig, from the ritual prohibition against eating pork, practiced by both Jews and Muslims.

Remnants of ancient rituals of animal sacrifice are apparent in many cultures, for example the Spanish bullfights, or kapparos in Judaism, or ritual slaughter procedures like shechita or ḏabīḥah in Judaism and Islam, respectively.

When contacts between Europeans and the Lacandon began being recorded it was believed that they were unchanged ancient Maya descended from those who fled initial Spanish contact and that they were complete with the ritual beliefs and physical appearance of their ancestors.

The Holy Child of La Guardia () ( died 1491 ) was the purported victim of a ritual murder by the Jews in the town of La Guardia in the central Spanish province of Toledo ( Castile – La Mancha ).

* Dobrinsky, Herbert C., A treasury of Sephardic laws and customs: the ritual practices of Syrian, Moroccan, Judeo-Spanish and Spanish and Portuguese Jews of North America.

Known by the Spanish term " chirimia ," the shawm remains an important ritual instrument among Maya peoples of Highland Guatemala.

However, due to its religious and ritual aspects, Spanish Catholics suppressed the game soon after the Spanish conquest, leaving it to survive in areas such as Sinaloa, where Spanish influence was less pervasive.

The people were ordered to cleanse themselves in ritual baths, to use their Pueblo names, and to destroy all vestiges of the Roman Catholic religion and Spanish culture, including Spanish livestock and fruit trees.

The text in Spanish and Nahuatl documents the culture, religious cosmology ( worldview ), ritual practices, society, economics, and history of the Aztec people.

In 1768, a Spanish priest wrote an account of the Karankawa ritual ceremonies.

* Herbert C. Dobrinsky: A treasury of Sephardic laws and customs: the ritual practices of Syrian, Moroccan, Judeo-Spanish and Spanish and Portuguese Jews of North America.

The phenomenon of giving a high value to ancient artifacts is found in other cultures, notably China, where Chinese ritual bronzes, three to two thousand years old, have been avidly collected and imitated for centuries, and the Pre-Columbian cultures of Mesoamerica, where in particular the artifacts of the earliest Olmec civilization are found reburied in significant sites of later cultures up to the Spanish Conquest.

A Spanish engineer named Leonardo Torriani wrote a history of the Canary Islands in 1590 and included a record of early Juego del Palo, accompanied by an illustration of two Guanche warriors performing a type of ritual combat with short staves in a small arena. Torriani wrote ;

Spanish and Portuguese Jews have a distinctive ritual based on that of pre-expulsion Spain, but also influenced by the Spanish-Moroccan rite and the Italian rite.

A synagogue in Holland Park is described as " Spanish and Portuguese " but serves chiefly Greek and Turkish Jews, with a mixed ritual: this is connected to the main community by a Deed of Association.

The Manchester Sephardic synagogues are under the superintendence of the London community and use a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese ritual, but the membership is chiefly Syrian in heritage, with some Turkish, Iraqi and North African Jews.

Newer Sephardic rite synagogues in London, mostly for Baghdadi and Persian Jews, preserve their own ritual and do not come under the Spanish and Portuguese umbrella.

The cantorial style of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews adheres to the general Sephardi principle that every word is sung out loud and that most of the ritual is performed communally rather than solistically ( although nowadays in the New York community, the zemirot throughout the year, Hallél on festivals or the new moon, and several of the seliḥot during Kippúr are chanted in a manner more similar to the Ashkenazi practice of reading only the first and last few verses of each paragraph aloud ).

This occurs only to a limited extent in the Spanish and Portuguese ritual: such instances as exist can be traced to the book of hymns Imre no ' am ( 1628 ), published in Amsterdam by Joseph Gallego, a hazzan originating in Salonica.