Alfonso's only brother, Ramiro, had been a Benedictine monk since childhood, and his commitment to the church, his temperament and vow of celibacy made him ill-suited to rule a kingdom under constant military threat and in need of a stable line of succession.

Mandatory priestly celibacy is not a doctrine, or dogma, of the Church ( examples of Catholic doctrine would be the principle of the absolute respect for life or the belief in the Assumption and Immaculate Conception ) but a church rule or discipline, like the use of the vernacular ( local ) language in Mass or the ancient rule of Lenten fasting and abstinence.

* 1525 – Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for priests and nuns.

The clergy had amassed a fortune in land, about one-fifth of all Christendom but at the time, in the 12th and 13th centuries, the Church was following a policy of isolation ; they adopted the rule of celibacy and cut themselves from domestic life ; they refused to plead in a secular court ; they refused to pay taxes to the State on the grounds that they had already paid it to the Pope.

The Church of the East has not applied the rule of celibacy even for ordination to the episcopate.

Neither the Catholic nor the Orthodox tradition considers the rule of clerical celibacy to be an unchangeable dogma, but instead as a rule that could be adjusted if the Church thought it appropriate and to which exceptions are admitted.

Even apart from disputes about the significance of the word translated as " wives ", this passage is of doubtful relevance to the rule of celibacy for priests of the Latin Church, which was introduced much later and is seen only as a discipline within that particular Church alone, not a doctrine binding all: in other words, a church regulation, but not an integral part of Church teaching.

Because the rule of clerical celibacy is a law and not a doctrine, exceptions can be made, and it can, in principle, be changed at any time by the Pope.

In the 15th century, maverick Zen monk Ikkyu Sojun ( 1394 – 1481 ) wrote, " follow the rule of celibacy and you are no more than an ass.

The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church follows the discipline of clerical celibacy: as a rule, only celibate men are allowed to be ordained, though from time to time married men who have been clergymen of other denominations are ordained after being received into the Roman Catholic Church.

On July 12, 2006, Milingo announced at a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D. C. his " plans to embark on an independent charismatic ministry to reconcile married priests with the Catholic Faith " as an advocate of the removal of the rule of celibacy for Latin Rite priests in the Catholic Church ; the group is called Married Priests Now !.

He taught that God was bisexual, and apparently, though not in reality, that the rule of society should be one of married celibacy.

As a rule the influence of the church was exercised in favor of the abolition of the disabilities imposed by the older law upon celibacy and childlessness, of increased facilities for entering a professed religious life, and of due provision for the wife.

At a church meeting in Skänninge 1248, where Jarler participated, it was decided to consecrate the rule of celibacy, the Church's independence of the King, and finally that the archbishop should be elected through a cathedral chapter and not as previously by the King personally.

Even though Lars was known for trying to uphold celibacy, in 1258 he had to send a request to the Pope about not having to excommunicate those who broke the rule.

In 1997 he said a relaxing of the celibacy rule for Latin Rite priests would not ease the vocations crisis and would have no theological or pastoral foundation.

The area had been under the rule of the Buddhist and then Hindu dynasty called the Kabul Shahis since the 5th century.

Under this rule, Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist Kashmiris generally co-existed peacefully.

* 1963 – A protest against pro-Catholic discrimination during the Buddhist crisis is held outside South Vietnam's National Assembly, the first open demonstration during the eight-year rule of Ngo Dinh Diem.

This traditional system followed religious rule and was meant to foster Buddhist understanding.

* End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the Sindh.

No further mass Buddhist protests occurred during the remainder of Diệm's rule ( which would amount to less than five months ).

In the second half of the 20th century a sizable number of Tibetan exiles fled the oppressive, anti-religious rule of the Communist Chinese to establish Tibetan Buddhist communities in northern India, particularly around Dharamsala.

Money should not be accepted by a Buddhist monk or nun in lieu of or in addition to food, although nowadays not many monks and nuns keep to this rule ( the exception being the monks and nuns of the Thai Forest Tradition and other Theravada traditions which focus on vinaya and meditation practice ).

No further mass Buddhist protests occurred during the remainder of Diệm's rule, which would amount to little more than two more months, in any event.

At Zhengzhou, he took a train to Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi province, and then trekked to the sacred Buddhist mountain of Wutai Shan, where he met the Dalai Lama, who was launching a nascent campaign to free Tibet from Chinese Imperial rule.

End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the Sindh.

In 1359 the Khmer king gave the Phra Bang to his son-in-law, the first Lang Xang monarch Fa Ngum ( 1353-1373 ); to provide Buddhist legitimacy both to Fa Ngum's rule and by extension to the sovereignty of Laos.

The independent Hindu and the Buddhist rule of Srinagar lasted until the 14th century when the Kashmir valley, including the city, came under the control of the several Muslim rulers, including the Mughals.

During the two centuries of their rule, the Indo-Greek kings combined the Greek and Indian languages and symbols, as seen on their coins, and blended ancient Greek, Hindu and Buddhist religious practices, as seen in the archaeological remains of their cities and in the indications of their support of Buddhism, pointing to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences.

President Park Chung-hee unsuccessfully attempted during his rule ( 1961 – 1979 ) to settle the dispute by building a pan-national Buddhist organization.

Between 1900-1911 the " Irish Buddhist " U Dhammaloka challenged Christianity and British rule on religious grounds.

Sialkot has, since its foundation, changed hands from Hindu, Buddhist, Persian, Greek, Afghan, Turk, Sikh, Mughal and British rule to that of present-day Pakistan.

Krol Ko at Angkor, Cambodia, is a Buddhist temple built at the end of the 12th century under the rule of Jayavarman VII.

The Buddhist King Indirabhuti's Jnanasiddhi mentions about the place of Jagannath. Nilakantha Das has mentioned that the Sabaras were worshipping the image of Jagannath made of neem wood in a place called Sambal ( Samal, now in Talcher of Angul District ) in Oddiyana, the kingdom of Indrabhuti, which was even prior to the rule of Yayati Kesari-I. Indrabhuti has described Jagannath as Buddhist deity in Jnanasiddhi.

Some of the better known examples are those of the Edicts of Ashoka ( c. 250 BC ), in which the Buddhist emperor Ashoka refers to the Greek populations under his rule.

During the two centuries of their rule, the Indo-Greek kings combined the Greek and Indian languages and symbols, as seen on their coins, and blended ancient Greek, Hindu and Buddhist religious practices, as seen in the archaeological remains of their cities and in the indications of their support of Buddhism, pointing to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences.

Few Buddhist monks were forced to live under a rule of strict poverty as the Jesuits enforced it, and because gift-giving was such an important part of Japanese social relations, the inability of the novices to accept these gifts undoubtedly helped to alienate them from their families.

At a meeting in September 2008, the Maha Bodhi Society passed a rule that only persons born into Buddhist families will be eligible to serve as president or as one of the vice-presidents of the Society.

Although people of all creeds enjoyed tolerance and freedom of religion under his rule, he repelled the Fatimids, partly by supporting their enemies in Ifriqiya, and partly by claiming the title Caliph ( ruler of the Islamic world ) for himself.

It grew in size and influence over a few decades, and by the end of the 4th century had become the official state religion of the Roman Empire, replacing other forms of religion practiced under Roman rule.

One of its leaders, Joaquín Infante, drafted Cuba's first constitution, declaring the island a sovereign state, presuming the rule of the countries ' wealthy, maintaining slavery as long as it was necessary for agriculture, establishing a social classification based on skin colour and declaring Catholicism the official religion.

Under Constantine's rule, Christianity would become the Empire's preferred religion.

The dominant religion of Fortaleza is Roman Catholicism due to the influence of Portuguese settlers and missionaries during the colonial rule of Brazil.

There are many divergent schools within the religion, and even people within the same current of thought will sometimes rule differently on a difficult issue.

On 3 August 2011, the NTC issued a Constitutional Declaration which declares the statehood of Libya as a democracy with Islam as its state religion, in which the state guarantees the rule of law and an independent judiciary as well as civic and human basic rights ( including freedom of religion and women's rights ), and which contains provisions for a phase of transition to a presidential republic with an elected national assembly and a democratically legitimized constitution by 2013.

In other words, war was waged to put lands under Muslim rule, but the subjects were theoretically free to continue practice whatever religion they chose.

In one sense, secularism may assert the right to be free from religious rule and teachings, and the right to freedom from governmental imposition of religion upon the people within a state that is neutral on matters of belief.

However, during the Mughal rule of India ( 1556 – 1707 ), the emerging religion had strained relations with the ruling Mughals.

In the most common usage of the term, some civil rulers are leaders of the dominant religion ( e. g., the Byzantine emperor as patron of the head of the official Church ); the government claims to rule on behalf of God or a higher power, as specified by the local religion, and divine approval of government institutions and laws.

It created a general right to privacy ( Griswold v. Connecticut ), limited the role of religion in public school ( most prominently Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ), incorporated most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the States — prominently Mapp v. Ohio ( the exclusionary rule ) and Gideon v. Wainwright ( right to appointed counsel ),— and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police ( Miranda v. Arizona ); At the same time, however, the Court limited defamation suits by public figures ( New York Times v. Sullivan ) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories.

During his rule he is mainly interested in religion while the actual power is in the hands of Gundobad.

Reacting to the wars of religion of his own time and the previous century, he maintained that the absolute rule of a king was the only possible alternative to the otherwise inevitable violence and anarchy of civil war.

Jupiter was the chief deity of Roman state religion throughout the Republican and Imperial eras, until the Empire came under Christian rule.

Marxist-Leninist ideology was opposed to religion, and people were told to become atheists from the early days of Communist rule.

Christianity was a major religion in Kerch during the period of Khazar rule.

Then in 1991, President George H. W. Bush made an attempt to abolish affirmative action altogether claiming that “ any regulation, rule, enforcement practice or other aspect of these programs that mandates, encourages, or otherwise involves the use of quotas, preferences, set-asides or other devices on the basis of race, sex, religion or national origin are to be terminated as soon as is legally feasible.

An oral law is a code of conduct in use in a given culture, religion or community application, by which a body of rules of human behaviour is transmitted by oral tradition and effectively respected, or the single rule that is orally transmitted.

In an iconic speech to the Council of State, William to the shock of his audience motivated his conflict with King Philip II by saying that, even though he had decided for himself to keep to the Catholic faith, he could not approve that monarchs should desire to rule over the souls of their subjects and take away from them their freedom of belief and religion.

The Greek term Ennead, denoting a group of nine, was coined by Greeks exploring Egypt, its culture and religion, especially after the conquest by Alexander the Great and during the subsequent rule of the Ptolemaic Dynasty.