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Page "Geography of Iraq" ¶ 10
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salinity and is
On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean ; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand ( 3. 3 – 3. 7 %) by mass and varies with latitude and season.
Much of the ACC transport is carried in this front, which is defined as the latitude at which a subsurface salinity minimum or a thick layer of unstratified Subantarctic Mode Water first appears, allowed by temperature dominating density stratification.
Here a temperature minimum is allowed by salinity dominating density stratification, due to the lower temperatures.
The Baltic Sea's salinity is much lower than that of ocean water ( which averages 35 ‰), as a result of abundant freshwater runoff from the surrounding land, combined with the shallowness of the sea itself ; indeed, runoff contributes roughly one-fortieth its total volume per year, as the volume of the basin is about 21, 000 km³ and yearly runoff is about 500 km³.
At the semi-enclosed bays with major freshwater inflows, such as head of Finnish Gulf with Neva mouth and head of Bothnian gulf with close mouths of Lule, Tornio and Kemi, the salinity is considerably lower.
Below 40 to 70 m, the salinity is between 10 and 15 ‰ in the open Baltic Sea, and more than this near Danish Straits.
Near the Danish straits the salinity is close to that of the Kattegat, but still not fully oceanic, because the saltiest water that passes the straits is still already mixed with considerable amounts of outflow water.
The salinity gradient is paralleled by a temperature gradient.
The Black Sea outflow is cooler and less saline, and floats over the warm, more saline Mediterranean inflow – as a result of differences in density caused by differences in salinity – leading to a significant anoxic layer well below the surface waters.
Another disadvantage of saline aquifers is that as the salinity of the water increases, less CO < sub > 2 </ sub > can be dissolved into aqueous solution.
With 33. 7 % salinity, it is also one of the world's saltiest bodies of water, though Lake Assal ( Djibouti ), Garabogazköl and some hypersaline lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica ( such as Don Juan Pond ) have reported higher salinities.
The sea is called " dead " because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms, such as fish and aquatic plants, from living in it, though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present.
Halobacterium is a group of Archaea that have a high tolerance for elevated levels of salinity.
For example, the Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana is a vast seasonal high salinity water body that manifests halophilic species within the diatom genus Nitzschia in the family Bacillariaceae as well as species within the genus Lovenula in the family Diaptomidae.
The Kara receives a large amount of freshwater from the Ob, Yenisei, Pyasina, and Taimyra rivers, so its salinity is variable.
When over deep the lake is no more salty than the sea, but salinity increases as the water evaporates, with saturation occurring at about a depth.
Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and salinity to increase eastward.
Water is fresh, with medium turbidity ; the average salinity is 61. 3 mg / L and the calcium bicarbonate content is 7 mg / L.

salinity and large
Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator ( because of heavy tropical rainfall ), in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter.
Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate the Sargasso Sea, a large elongated body of water, with above average salinity.
Because of the large influx of fresh water from rivers, especially from the Neva River ( two thirds of the total runoff ), the gulf water has very low salinity – between 0. 2 and 5. 8 ‰ at the surface and 0. 3 – 8. 5 ‰ near the bottom.
Sometimes, particularly in the lower Tigris and Euphrates valleys, soil salinity restricts the area of arable land and limits the size of the community dependent on it, and it also usually results in large unsettled and uncultivated stretches between the villages.
Ultrasonic measurements may be limited through barrier layers with large salinity, temperature or vortex differentials.
The large majority of plant species are " glycophytes ", and are damaged fairly easily by salinity.
Physical properties of water such as salinity have a large effect on its motion in the oceans.
In winter, navigation on the Sea of Okhotsk becomes difficult, or even impossible, due to the formation of large ice floes, because the large amount of freshwater from the Amur River lowers the salinity which results in lowering the freezing point of the sea.
The main causes are the low rate of evaporation ( the bay is ice-covered for much of the year ), the large volume of terrestrial runoff entering the bay ( about 700 km³ annually ; the Hudson Bay watershed covers much of Canada, and many rivers and streams discharge into the bay ), and the limited connection with the Atlantic Ocean and its higher salinity.
Another specific feature of the sea is the variable salinity – low in the large bays and higher in the open sea, especially near the Kerch Strait.
Black Sea water has become cleaner after 1989 due to decreased chemical fertilizer in farming ; it has low salinity, lacks large predators or poisonous species, and the tidal range is virtually imperceptible.
Thus CD can be used to survey a large number of solvent conditions, varying temperature, pH, salinity, and the presence of various cofactors.
With several large estuaries the salinity in the central Wadden Sea is lower than in the rest of the Wadden Sea and is subject to higher fluctuations.
By the late 1960s, the high salinity of the water crossing into Mexico had resulted in the ruin of large tracts of the irrigated land along the lower Colorado.
An important feature of the Indonesian Throughflow is that because the water in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean has a higher temperature and lower salinity than the water in the Indian Ocean, the Throughflow transports large amounts of relatively warm and fresh water to the Indian Ocean.
The book discusses a possible cause of the failure of the Gulf Stream: that the melting of the polar ice caps could drastically affect the salinity of the North Atlantic drift by dumping a large quantity of freshwater into the world's oceans.
The lake has a relatively large fish population although it declines during the years of low water when the salinity is high.
Due to drought and increased demands for agricultural water in the lake's basin, the salinity of the lake has risen to more than 300 g / L during recent years, and large areas of the lake bed have been desiccated.
This in turn has increased the salinity of the lake's water, lowering the lake viability as home to thousands of migratory birds including the large flamingo populations.
This has caused difficulties such as mouth getting silted up and getting closed during the summer season ( June – July to Oct – Nov ); raise in flood level occurs during the rainy season ; the lake acts as a large evaporating basin when the bar is closed resulting in salinity levels remaining low or high subject to the flood discharge into the lake during the northeast monsoon ; fluctuation of water level in the lake ( above or below the sea level ) is affecting flora, fauna and fisheries ; siltation has caused variation of the lake mouth resulting in reduction of tidal inflows and consequent decline in stocking of commercially important species of prawns and mullets.
However, it is known to withstand large changes in water salinity, and so has also been found in shallow rivers and estuaries.

salinity and lake
The limnology of the lake shows it contains approximately 280 million tons of dissolved salts, with the salinity varying depending upon the amount of water in the lake at any given time.
In January 1982, when the lake reached its lowest level of, the salinity had nearly doubled to 99 g / l.
The high salinity in parts of the lake makes them uninhabitable for all but a few species, including brine shrimp, brine flies, and several forms of algae.
Because of the Great Salt Lake's high salinity, it has few fish, but they do occur in Bear River Bay and Farmington Bay when spring runoff brings fresh water into the lake.
A specific example of the evolution of soils in prehistoric lake beds is in the Makgadikgadi Pans of the Kalahari Desert, where change in an ancient river course led to millennia of salinity buildup and formation of calcretes and silcretes.
The lake water has salinity of approx.
As salinity increases, so do the number of cyanobacteria, and the lake can support more nests.
If inflow is insufficient to permit this, the cui-ui may attempt to spawn in Pyramid Lake, but generally with little success due to the salinity of that lake.
Despite there being trillions of these creatures in Mono Lake, it was felt that rising levels of salinity and sodium hydroxide concentration of the lake would endanger them because of the increase in pH.
When the African tectonic plate collided tightly with the Eurasian plate, the Mediterranean became a lake that, over the course of time, dried up during the Messinian salinity crisis.
Stanley visited Lake Katwe in 1889 and noted the deep depression, the salinity of the lake, and a spring of sulphurous water nearby, but failed to connect this to volcanism.
The unusual fluctuations in the lake's levels have given rise to fanciful urban myths that the lake is somehow connected to lakes in Peru or South Africa, although NSW government ecologist Justin Nancarrow theorises that the lake may indeed be connected to the nearby Yass River by subterranean aquifers which pass under the surrounding escarpment, and that this connection may explain the salinity of the river.
During periods of excessive precipitation, however, the lake can be quite deep ( up to in places ), eutrophic ( rich in minerals, nutrients, and organisms ), with decreased salinity due to dilution.
Because Devils Lake is endorheic, the lake tends to be much higher in salinity than are lakes with outlets to river systems.
" All that summer the new lake filled with runoff ; its water level rose, and the decrease in salinity threatened its sea life.
Although salinity varies throughout the lake system, it approximates a one third fresh, two-thirds sea water mixture, and hence may be termed brackish water.
The lake also holds some of the purest fresh water in the world, with a salinity level of less than 3 ppm ( the salinity level of the Great Lakes is 500 ppm ).
The salinity of Poopó Lake is further enhanced by the lack of outlet, the arid climate and the high evaporation from the lake surface.
During October – November 2006 the salinity in the north end of the lake varied between brackish and saline ( 15-30, 000 mg / l ).

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