The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender.

Each sender has a different, unique vector v chosen from that set, but the construction method of the transmitted vector is identical.

The first reason is that such groups may extend group identity and cooperation beyond the limited of family and kinship out of reciprocal altruism, in the belief that helping other individuals will produce an advantageous situation for both the sender and receiver of that help, this tendency has been noted in studies by Robert Axelrod that are summarized in his book The Evolution of Cooperation ( 1984 ).

The latter is used to detect whether a message has been altered since it was completed ( the message integrity property ), and the former to determine whether it was actually sent by the person / entity claimed to be the sender ( a digital signature ).

* Digital signatures: a message signed with a sender's private key can be verified by anyone who has access to the sender's public key, thereby proving that the sender had access to the private key and, therefore, is likely to be the person associated with the public key used.

The sender also keeps a timer from when the packet was sent, and retransmits a packet if the timer expires before the message has been acknowledged.

If the sender has nothing more to send, the line simply remains in the marking state ( as if a continuing series of stop bits ) until a later space denotes the start of the next character.

The BECN bit can be set to 1 to indicate that congestion was experienced in the network in the direction opposite of the frame transmission, so it informs the sender that congestion has occurred.

If the OBV has been received from the remote side, the needed code must be either a priori known for both sides or dynamically downloaded from the sender.

In this scenario, the packet has 48-bit fields for the sender hardware address ( SHA ) and target hardware address ( THA ), and 32-bit fields for the corresponding sender and target protocol addresses ( SPA and TPA ).

In many scenarios, the sender and receiver of a message may have a need for confidence that the message has not been altered during transmission.

Because a gregarious individual might have hundreds to write, print shops offer a wide variety of sample postcards with short messages so that the sender has only to write addresses.

When replying or forwarding a message to a user who has a digital signature, Outlook Express gives an error and does not allow the user to continue if there is no digital signature installed for the sender.

Instead, when the sender has a block of data to be sent, it is stored in the first switching office ( i. e. router ) then forwarded later at one hop at a time.

In contrast to sendmail, qmail has a modular architecture composed of mutually untrusting components ; for instance, the SMTP listener component of qmail runs with different credentials than the queue manager, or the SMTP sender.

The field of organizational communication has moved from acceptance of mechanistic models ( e. g., information moving from a sender to a receiver ) to a study of the persistent, hegemonic and taken-for-granted ways in which we not only use communication to accomplish certain tasks within organizational settings ( e. g., public speaking ) but also how the organizations in which we participate affect us.

With each kind of criticism, one has to deal with the different aspects: the content, form and purpose of the criticism, the sender, delivery and target of the criticism, and the total context in which the criticism occurs.

The send-ahead extension relieves this problem somewhat by not waiting for the acknowledgements, but since the receiver still has to send them for every block it receives, in case the sender expects them, it is not solved completely.

Records must be maintained that such postage has been paid, and it must be affixed to the letter cover by U. S. stamps, meter imprints or through another method approved by the USPS ; the postage must be canceled by the sender in ink ; the date of mailing must be affixed in ink to the cover ( either by sender or carrier ); and the letter cannot be removed without defacing the cover from the envelope or other container in which the letter is sent.

The spirit appears as directed by the summoner in order to contact a person with whom the sender has a strong emotional bond.

He can't do much with those messages except discard them after notifying the sender that they were unreadable and requesting resending with a public key for which he still has the matching private key.

In 1981, Rabin reinvented a weak variant of the technique of oblivious transfer invented by Wiesner under the name of multiplexing, allowing a sender to transmit a message to a receiver where the receiver has some probability between 0 and 1 of learning the message, with the sender being unaware whether the receiver was able to do so.

Specifically, as long as there is a sent packet for which the sender has received no acknowledgment, the sender should keep buffering its output until it has a full packet's worth of output, so that output can be sent all at once.

A mail server can try to verify the sender address by making an SMTP connection back to the mail exchanger for the address, as if it was creating a bounce, but stopping just before any email is sent.

The project is named for the historical availability of conventional mailing services that cost the sender just one penny ; see Penny Post for information about such mailing services in history.

A simple filter spec could be just the sender ’ s IP address and optionally its UDP or TCP port.

* < tt > spf2. 0 / mfrom </ tt >-meaning to verify the envelope sender address just like SPF.

If it then took 0. 2 seconds for the receiver's < tt >< ACK ></ tt > to make it back to the sender and the next packet to start hitting the receiver ( 0. 1 seconds in both directions ), the overall time for one packet would be 3. 7 seconds, just over 92 % throughput.

An immediate call is just like a typical function or method call in a non-concurrent language: the sender waits until the receiver finishes and returns a value.

Within a single state, the doctrine of transferred intent would apply to criminalise accidental departures from a planned attack, but if X's letter is redirected out of State A by one of Y's helpful relatives, the receipt of the letter by Y on holiday in State B is entirely outside X's actual intention ( just it might be irrelevant to a sender where the recipient of an e-mail is resident ).

The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person.

If the algorithm is symmetric, the key must be known to the recipient and sender and to no one else.

In these investigations, a sender, who was isolated in a visually opaque, electrically and acoustically shielded chamber, was stimulated at random by bursts of strobe-light flickers The experimenters reported that, for one receiver, differential alpha block on control and stimulus trials were observed, which showed that some information transfer had occurred.

This is why, unlike symmetric key algorithms, a public key algorithm does not require a secure initial exchange of one ( or more ) secret keys between the sender and receiver.

Steganography () is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one, apart from the sender and intended recipient, suspects the existence of the message, a form of security through obscurity.

When using them, one individual is designated the " sender " and another the " receiver ".

When using the Ganzfeld experiment to test for telepathy, one individual is designated the receiver and is placed inside a controlled environment where they are deprived of sensory input, and another is designated the sender and is placed in a separate location.

It may address point-to-point communications as well as multicast communications from one sender to many receivers.

( In order not to interpret +++ which may be a part of data as the escape sequence the sender stops communication for one second before and after the +++). When the modem encounters this in a stream of data, it switches from its normal mode of operation which simply sends any characters to the phone, to a command mode in which the following data is assumed to be a part of the command language.

The sender MUST delay retrying a particular destination after one

To overcome these issues, vendors found some solutions, like multi-beam or multi-path architectures, which use more than one sender and more than one receiver.

* Relay channel: In this channel, one or several intermediate nodes ( called relay, repeater or gap filler nodes ) cooperate with a sender to send the message to an ultimate destination node.

However, at a loss as to the further details of the crime, Scotland Yard conclude that the sender must have been some maniac or a fanatic trying to rid society of one of its most immoral members.

Online chat may address point-to-point communications as well as multicast communications from one sender to many receivers and voice and video chat or may be a feature of a Web conferencing service.

The first one, the Nonce Sum ( NS ), is used to protect against accidental or malicious concealment of marked packets from the TCP sender.

In both of the above examples it would not make sense for the sender of the information to have to wait if, for example, one of the recipients had crashed.

The value chosen during the commit phase must be the only one that the sender can compute and that validates during the reveal phase ( this is called the binding property ).

A source or sender is one of the basic concepts of communication and information processing.

The term LISTSERV has been used to refer to a few early electronic mailing list software applications, allowing a sender to send one email to the list, and then transparently sending it on to the addresses of the subscribers to the list.

In cryptography, an oblivious transfer protocol ( often abbreviated OT ) is a type of protocol in which a sender transfers one of potentially many pieces of information to a receiver, but remains oblivious as to what piece ( if any ) has been transferred.

In a 1-2 oblivious transfer protocol, the sender has two messages m < sub > 0 </ sub > and m < sub > 1 </ sub >, and the receiver has a bit b, and the receiver wishes to receive m < sub > b </ sub >, without the sender learning b, while the sender wants to ensure that the receiver receives only one of the two messages.