This process is able to adapt complex structures from simpler beginnings, or convert complex structures from one function to another ( see spandrel ).

In architecture, a spandrel is a curved area of masonry which exists between arches supporting a dome.

A spandrel, less often spandril or splaundrel, is the space between two arches or between an arch and a rectangular enclosure.

In a building with more than one floor, the term spandrel is also used to indicate the space between the top of the window in one story and the sill of the window in the story above.

The term is typically employed when there is a sculpted panel or other decorative element in this space, or when the space between the windows is filled with opaque or translucent glass, in this case called spandrel glass.

In concrete or steel construction, an exterior beam extending from column to column usually carrying an exterior wall load is known as a spandrel beam.

Where a river is prone to repeated flooding, the increased pressure of flowing water against the spandrel may cause the bridge to be washed away.

The reverse of the coin shows the Royal cross within a quatrefoil, a leopard in each spandrel ; the legend is ( But Jesus passing through their midst went his way ).

; Spandrel: If there is not another flight of stairs immediately underneath, the triangular space underneath the stairs is called a " spandrel ".

In China, the oldest existing arch bridge is the Zhaozhou Bridge of 605 AD, which combined a very low span-to-rise ratio of 5. 2: 1, with the use of spandrel arches ( buttressed with iron brackets ).

The area between the arch and the deck is known as the spandrel.

If the spandrel is solid, usually the case in a masonry or stone arch bridge, the bridge is called a closed-spandrel arch bridge.

The Whirlpool Rapids Bridge, commonly called the Whirlpool Bridge, and until 1937, known as the Lower Steel Arch Bridge, is a spandrel braced, riveted, two-hinged arch bridge.

There is a modern rood screen, a spacious and lofty central lantern, and a reredos with a carved spandrel.

Behind it is a pier from which spring two pointed arches ; the spandrel thus formed is covered with rich modern sculpture, representing Christ in his majesty, with angels and the four Evangelists ; below is a figure of King Ethelbert.

Rigid insulation is provided in spandrel areas to provide a higher R-value at these locations.

Presently, 1 / 4 inch glass is typically used only in spandrel areas, while insulating glass is used for the rest of the building ( sometimes spandrel glass is specified as insulating glass as well ).

A spandrel from the Most Holy Trinity Church, Fulnek | Holy Trinity Church in Fulnek, Czech Republic.

With Richard Lewontin, Gould wrote an influential 1979 paper entitled, " The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm ", which introduced the architectural term " spandrel " into evolutionary biology.

There are four or five accepted and cognate meanings of spandrel in architectural and art history, mostly relating to the space between a curved figure and a rectangular boundary-such as the space between the curve of an arch and a rectilinear bounding moulding, or the wallspace bounded by adjacent arches in an arcade and the stringcourse or moulding above them, or the space between the central medallion of a carpet and its rectangular corners, or the space between the circular face of a clock and the corners of the square revealed by its hood.

The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks.

It consists of four neon spandrel bands, each representing 15 minutes, and the colour changes from top to bottom.

It features lead spandrel panels, a 58-ton terra-cotta crown, and 500 tons of marble.

In 1889 an Honorable Mention at the Paris Salon for his Diana led to further and more public American commissions, including spandrel reliefs for Stanford White's permanent Washington Arch, New York, and the Nathan Hale memorial in City Hall Park, dedicated in 1893.

There are no spandrel panels, and the mullions are minimal.

Column bases and spandrel reliefs are from the times of Constantine.

The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers, which helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants.

It incorporates a brushed stainless steel spandrel panels and clear anodized aluminum.

These include two faux marble putti below the cornice on each rib, each one a male and female pair ; stone rams-heads are placed at the apex of each spandrel ; copper-skinned nude figures in varying poses, hiding in the shadows, propped between the spandrels and the ribs like animated bookends ; and more putti, both clothed and unclothed strike a variety of poses as they support the nameplates of the Prophets and Sibyls.

ALCOA began promoting the use of aluminium in architecture by the 1920s when it produced ornamental spandrel panels for the Cathedral of Learning and the Chrysler and Empire State Buildings in New York.

My other nugget of art and architectural knowledge -- besides remembering that it was Ghiberti who designed the doors of the baptistery in Florence -- is the three styles of Greek columns.

The suburban branch is thereby credited with a sale which would have been made even if its glass doors had never opened.

It is particularly suitable for those who need to work or exercise out of doors for their health.

It is the business of cosmologists, the scientists who study the nature and structure of the universe, to try to solve the great cosmic mysteries by using keys that have clicked open other doors.

This is a building with circular tower and doors facing the cardinal directions.

Thus if the instrument depends on the pressure or suction effect alone, and this pressure or suction is measured against the air pressure in an ordinary room, in which the doors and windows are carefully closed and a newspaper is then burnt up the chimney, an effect may be produced equal to a wind of 10 mi / h ( 16 km / h ); and the opening of a window in rough weather, or the opening of a door, may entirely alter the registration.

Spring bronze weatherstripping comes in rolls of thin sheets and is nailed or stapled to wood windows and doors.

Another common aspect of the festival in early 20th century Ireland was the hanging of May Boughs on the doors and windows of houses and the making of May Bushes in farmyards, which usually consisted either of a branch of rowan / caorthann ( mountain ash ) or more commonly whitethorn / sceach geal ( hawthorn ) which is in bloom at the time and is commonly called the ' May Bush ' or just ' May ' in both Ireland and Britain.

As a result of being outed, the school no longer hides the fact that it is a school for mutants and it opens its doors for more mutant ( and even human ) students to come in.

The Gaiety specialises in musical and operatic productions, and is popular for opening its doors after the evening theatre production to host a variety of live music, dancing, and films.

The player is kept on guard by the grunts and growls of monsters, and receives occasional clues to finding secret areas in the form of sounds of hidden doors opening remotely.

It is often used specifically for double French doors in place of a sliding glass door ( also known as Patio doors ).

Wood is the most common material, and doors may also be metal or glass.

A swing doors has special hinges that allow it to open either outwards or inwards, and is usually sprung to keep it closed.

It is basically a double-leaved door with large glass panels in each door leaf, and in which the doors can swing both out as well as in.

It is often useful to have doors which slide along tracks, often for space or aesthetic considerations.

This type of door is also often seen as a mark of prestige and glamour for a building and it not unusual for neighbouring buildings to install their own revolving doors when a rival building gets one.

Such doors are popular in public transit stations, as it has a large capacity, and when the door is opened, traffic passing in both directions keeps the door open.

* Mullions-Smaller optional vertical boards that run between two rails, and split the door into two or more columns of panels, the term is used sometimes for verticals in doors, but more often ( UK and Australia ) it refers to verticals in windows.

It is especially important to get the hand and swing right on exterior doors, as the transom is usually sloped and sealed to resist water entry, and to properly drain.

In the Hauran in Syria, where timber is scarce the doors were made in stone, and one measuring by is in the British Museum ; the band on the meeting stile shows that it was one of the leaves of a double door.