** Self-focusing, an effect due to the Optical Kerr effect ( and possibly higher order nonlinearities ) caused by the spatial variation in the intensity creating a spatial variation in the refractive index

* Landscape ecology is a sub-discipline of ecology and geography that address how spatial variation in the landscape affects ecological processes such as the distribution and flow of energy, materials and individuals in the environment ( which, in turn, may influence the distribution of landscape " elements " themselves such as hedgerows ).

This argument depends on a lack of a variation of the distribution ( spatial or otherwise ) in the vacuum energy density, as would be expected if the dark energy were the cosmological constant.

Ambient sound levels are often measured in order to map sound conditions over a spatial regime to understand their variation with locale.

Weather satellites have been available to infer sea surface temperature ( SST ) information since 1967, with the first global composites occurring during 1970 .< ref > Since 1982, satellites have been increasingly utilized to measure SST and have allowed its spatial and temporal variation to be viewed more fully.

a variation in α dependent on both redshift and spatial direction.

Knowledge of spatial variation in the numbers and types of organisms is as vital to us today as it was to our early human ancestors, as we adapt to heterogeneous but geographically predictable environments.

Classical thermodynamics is focused on homogeneous systems ( e. g. Planck 1897 / 1903 ), which might be regarded as ' zero-dimensional ' in the sense that they have no spatial variation.

This distortion creates a spatial variation in the intensity of the light, which can be visualised directly with a shadowgraph system.

Tests can be as simple as dipping a manufactured test strip, as in the case of pH testing, or be more complex, as in the case one study examining the spatial and temporal variation of heavy metal contamination due to industrial runoff.

In most areas, the spatial variation reflects the irregularities of the flows deep in the earth ; in some areas, deposits of iron ore or magnetite in the Earth's crust may contribute strongly to the declination.

These effects occur at metal junctions, which were originally effectively treated as two-dimensional surfaces, with no spatial volume, and no spatial variation.

In the classical irreversible thermodynamic approach, there is allowed very small spatial variation, from very small volume element to adjacent very small volume element, but it is assumed that the global entropy of the system can be found by simple spatial integration of the local entropy density ; this means that spatial structure cannot contribute as it properly should to the global entropy assessment for the system.

This equation describes the temporal and spatial variation of the probability distribution for the position and momentum of a density distribution of a cloud of points in single-particle phase space.

) The first term on the left-hand side represents the explicit time variation of the distribution function, while the second term gives the spatial variation, and the third term describes the effect of any force acting on the particles.

Hence the theoretical spatial resolution limits in both image dimensions remain constant with variation of range.

The aim of this is to produce structural maps that reflect the spatial variation in depth of certain geological layers.

This has arisen as a result of voltage pulsed atom probes providing good chemical and sufficient spatial information in these materials.

Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.

Therefore, obtaining information about the spatial arrangement of atoms requires the use of radiation with shorter wavelengths, such as X-ray or neutron beams.

Some cells are specific to spatial information, certain stimuli ( smells, etc.

Studies on rats involving maze learning found that hippocampal neuronal assemblies that are used in the encoding of spatial information are reactivated in the same temporal order.

A sequence of samples from a measuring device produces a time or spatial domain representation, whereas a discrete Fourier transform produces the frequency domain information, that is the frequency spectrum.

GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive queries ( user-created searches ), analyze spatial information, edit data in maps, and present the results of all these operations.

Much of the development during the quantitative revolution is now apparent in the use of Geographic information systems ; the use of statistics, spatial modelling and positivist approaches is still important to many branches of human geography.

Mind mapping software can be used to organize large amounts of information, combining spatial organization, dynamic hierarchical structuring and node folding.

To communicate spatial information effectively, features such as rivers, lakes, and cities need to be labeled.

The other slave system, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, stores visual and spatial information.

Baddeley ( 2000 ) extended the model by adding a fourth component, the episodic buffer, which holds representations that integrate phonological, visual, and spatial information, and possibly information not covered by the slave systems ( e. g., semantic information, musical information ).

For example, remembering numbers while processing spatial information, or remembering spatial information while processing numbers, impair each other much less than when material of the same kind must be remembered and processed.

Such attention allows for example for the voluntarily shifting in regard to goals of a person's information processing to spatial locations or objects rather than ones that capture their attention due to their sensory saliency ( such as an ambulance siren ).

Their use is based on the observation that the human mind more easily remembers spatial, personal, surprising, physical, sexual, humorous, or otherwise ' relatable ' information, rather than more abstract or impersonal forms of information.

* Reification in Gestalt psychology, where an object is perceived as having more spatial information than is actually present in the original stimulus

As a consequence of the Nyquist – Shannon sampling theorem, any spatial waveform that can be displayed must consist of at least two pixels, which is proportional to image resolution.

Ready availability of computers and peripherals such as monitors, plotters, printers, scanners ( remote and document ) and analytic stereo plotters, along with computer programs for visualization, image processing, spatial analysis, and database management, have democratized and greatly expanded the making of maps.

Most video compression algorithms and codecs combine spatial image compression and temporal motion compensation.

This is often not an ideal solution for GIF images, both because the loss of spatial resolution typically makes an image look fuzzy on the screen, and because the dithering patterns often interfere with the compressibility of the image data, working against GIF's main purpose.

* Masking effect: the LCD grid can mask the effects of spatial and grayscale quantization, creating the illusion of higher image quality.

A class of display device described as " POV " is one that composes an image by displaying one spatial portion at a time in rapid succession ( for example, one column of pixels every few milliseconds ).

However, this separation offers other advantages, such as the ability to shoot more rays as needed to perform spatial anti-aliasing and improve image quality where needed.

For example, when observing a series of black-white-light fringes drawn with a specific spatial frequency, the image quality may decay.

The themes and settings of Through the Looking-Glass make it a kind of mirror image of Wonderland: the first book begins outdoors, in the warm month of May ( 4 May ), uses frequent changes in size as a plot device, and draws on the imagery of playing cards ; the second opens indoors on a snowy, wintry night exactly six months later, on 4 November ( the day before Guy Fawkes Night ), uses frequent changes in time and spatial directions as a plot device, and draws on the imagery of chess.

The " solution " to higher sampling in the spatial domain for this case would be to move closer to the shirt, use a higher resolution sensor, or to optically blur the image before acquiring it with the sensor.

When the area of the sampling spot ( the size of the pixel sensor ) is not large enough to provide sufficient spatial anti-aliasing, a separate anti-aliasing filter ( optical low-pass filter ) is typically included in a camera system to further blur the optical image.

This takes advantage of the fact that the human eye perceives spatial changes of brightness more sharply than those of color, by averaging or dropping some of the chrominance information in the image.

High-pass and low-pass filters are also used in digital image processing to perform image modifications, enhancements, noise reduction, etc., using designs done in either the spatial domain or the frequency domain.

In multiple-point Geostatistics, a training image is used to provide the spatial model of variability.

The human eye has fairly little spatial sensitivity to color: the accuracy of the brightness information of the luminance channel has far more impact on the image detail discerned than that of the other two.

( Bandwidth is in the temporal domain, but this translates into the spatial domain as the image is scanned out.

In digital signal processing, spatial anti-aliasing is the technique of minimizing the distortion artifacts known as aliasing when representing a high-resolution image at a lower resolution.

The choice of frequency is a trade-off between spatial resolution of the image and imaging depth: lower frequencies produce less resolution but image deeper into the body.

In chemistry, a '" mirror image '" is a molecule having a spatial arrangement that corresponds to that of another molecule except that the right-to-left sense on one corresponds to the left-to-right sense on the other, the left handedness being known as " levo " or l-x and the righthandedness being known as " dextro " or d-x, where " x " is the referenced molecule.

An example of spatial aliasing is the Moiré pattern one can observe in a poorly pixelized image of a brick wall.