Typically, a secondary ion mass spectrometer consists of:

The gamma ray spectrometer used on the Odyssey spacecraft consists of four main components: the gamma sensor head, the neutron spectrometer, the high energy neutron detector, and the central electronics assembly.

A typical LIBS system consists of a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet ( Nd: YAG ) solid-state laser and a spectrometer with a wide spectral range and a high sensitivity, fast response rate, time gated detector.

The spectrometer consists of either a monochromator ( scanning ) or a polychromator ( non-scanning ) and a photomultiplier or CCD detector respectively.

Each detector had a central scintillation spectrometer crystal of NaI ( Tl ) 12 in ( 303 mm ) in diameter, by 4 in ( 102 mm ) thick, optically coupled at the rear to a 3 in ( 76. 2 mm ) thick CsI ( Na ) crystal of similar diameter, viewed by seven photomultiplier tubes, operated as a phoswich: i. e., particle and gamma-ray events from the rear produced slow-rise time (~ 1 μs ) pulses, which could be electronically distinguished from pure NaI events from the front, which produced faster (~ 0. 25 μs ) pulses.

At higher temperatures, the electrons can easily cross the band gap in the crystal and reach the conduction band, where they are free to respond to the electric field, producing too much electrical noise to be useful as a spectrometer.

Monochromaticity is achieved either with a crystal monochromator or a time of flight spectrometer.

In a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer the single crystal diffracts the photons ( Bragg's law ) which are collected by a detector.

The scientific instruments consisted of an ion chamber and Geiger-Müller tube to measure total radiation flux, a proportional radiation counter telescope to measure high energy radiation, a scintillation counter to monitor low-energy radiation, a scintillation spectrometer to study the Earth's ( and possible lunar ) radiation belts, a VLF receiver for natural radio waves, a transponder to study electron density, and part of the flux-gate and search coil magnetometers mounted on the instrument platform.

Quantum levels are fixed levels with a logarithmic, descending quantum pattern in the visible spectrum of light that can be observed through a spectrometer while looking at intense flows of electricity through the various halides on the periodic table in a vacuum tube.

In the selected ion flow tube mass spectrometer, SIFT-MS, ions are generated in a microwave plasma ion source, usually from a mixture of laboratory air and water vapor.

An Accelerator mass spectrometry | accelerator mass spectrometer used for radiocarbon dating and other analysis.

The research with high-resolution ( HR ) CS AAS was pioneered by the groups of O ’ Haver and Harnly in the USA, who also developed the ( up until now ) only simultaneous multi-element spectrometer for this technique.

The break-through, however, came when the group of Becker-Ross in Berlin, Germany, built a spectrometer entirely designed for HR-CS AAS.

The advantage of this technique is that total and background absorption are measured with the same emission profile of the same lamp, so that any kind of background, including background with fine structure can be corrected accurately, unless the molecule responsible for the background is also affected by the magnetic field ; the disadvantage is the increased complexity of the spectrometer.

: Plotted on the x-axis is the retention time and plotted on the y-axis a signal ( for example obtained by a spectrophotometer, mass spectrometer or a variety of other detectors ) corresponding to the response created by the analytes exiting the system.

The despun section's instruments included the camera system ; the near infrared mapping spectrometer to make multi-spectral images for atmospheric and moon surface chemical analysis ; the ultraviolet spectrometer to study gases ; and the photo-polarimeter radiometer to measure radiant and reflected energy.

The composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable, so a mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge for accurate measurement.

J. Thomson ( 1856-1940 ): showed in 1897 that cathode rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle ( later named the electron ), discovered isotopes, invented the mass spectrometer, awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the electron and for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases.

A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and measuring their wavelengths and intensities.

The ultraviolet spectrometer aboard Mariner 9 was constructed by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

The ultraviolet spectrometer onboard Mariners 6 and 7 was constructed by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics.

There are several methods for measuring the temporal coherence of the light ( see: field-autocorrelation ), including the continuous wave Michelson or Fourier transform spectrometer and the pulsed Fourier transform spectrograph ( which is more sensitive and has a much shorter sampling time than conventional spectroscopic techniques, but is only applicable in a laboratory environment ).

The concept would use a large mass spectrometer to separate an ion beam into atomic elements for later use in making products.

MIPAS ( Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding ) is a Fourier transforming infrared spectrometer which provides pressure and temperature profiles, and profiles of trace gases nitrogen dioxide (), nitrous oxide (), methane (), nitric acid (), ozone (), and water () in the stratosphere.

The instruments of the orbiter consisted of two vidicon cameras for imaging ( VIS ), an infrared spectrometer for water vapor mapping ( MAWD ) and infrared radiometers for thermal mapping ( IRTM ).

The lander had two facsimile cameras, three analyses for metabolism, growth or photosyntheses, a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer ( GCMS ), an x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, pressure, temperature and wind velocity sensors, a three-axis seismometer, a magnet on a sampler observed by the cameras, and various engineering sensors.

Often, a spectrometer is used to give quantitative values for color strength.

Scientific instruments included a gamma-ray spectrometer for energies between 0. 3 — 3 MeV ( 50 – 500 pJ ), a triaxial magnetometer, a meteorite detector, instruments for solar-plasma studies, and devices for measuring infrared emissions from the Moon and radiation conditions of the lunar environment.

If the depletion layer is large enough to catch the whole shower or to stop a heavy particle, a fairly accurate measurement of the particle ’ s energy can be made, simply by measuring the charge conducted and without the complexity of a magnetic spectrometer, etc.

By measuring the decay products of extinct radionuclides with a mass spectrometer and using isochronplots, it is possible to determine relative ages of different events in the early history of the solar system.

Different minerals in a given geologic setting can acquire distinctly different ratios of radiogenic strontium-87 to naturally occurring strontium-86 (< sup > 87 </ sup > Sr /< sup > 86 </ sup > Sr ) through time ; and their age can be calculated by measuring the < sup > 87 </ sup > Sr /< sup > 86 </ sup > Sr in a mass spectrometer, knowing the amount of < sup > 87 </ sup > Sr present when the rock or mineral formed, and calculating the amount of < sup > 87 </ sup > Rb from a measurement of the Rb present and knowledge of the < sup > 85 </ sup > Rb /< sup > 87 </ sup > Rb weight ratio.

The penetrator would bury its tip, which will contain a gamma-ray spectrometer measuring abundances of as many as 20 chemical elements, up to one meter ( three feet ) below the comet's surface.

* MIP or the Moon Impact Probe developed by the ISRO, is an impact probe which consisted of a C-band Radar altimeter for measurement of altitude of the probe, a video imaging system for acquiring images of the lunar surface and a mass spectrometer for measuring the constituents of the lunar atmosphere.

High speed electronics have recently made it possible to construct a Fourier transform microwave spectrometer that uses chirped pulses to simultaneously measure rotational transitions across an 11 GHz bandwidth.

A mass spectrum of a compound is produced by a mass spectrometer, and is used to determine its molecular weight, the sum of the masses of its atomic constituents.

The Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe ( SHRIMP ) is a large-diameter, double-focusing secondary ion mass spectrometer ( SIMS ) sector instrument produced by Australian Scientific Instruments in Canberra, Australia.

Two decades later, a W-band EPR spectrometer was produced as a small commercial line by the German Bruker Company, initiating the expansion of W-band EPR techniques into medium-sized academic laboratories.

The mass spectrometer then isolates ions of a particular peptide, subjects them to collision-induced dissociation, and records the produced fragments in a tandem mass spectrum.

The magnetic resonance absorption was detected by employing a Varian model Af broad line spectrometer and the associated 12-inch electromagnet system.

Such a spectrometer will also be used by the Philae lander of the Rosetta spacecraft to probe the surface of the 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet.

The spectrometer of NIMS used a grating to disperse the light collected by the telescope.

As reported by Richard Kerr, " A spectrometer ( the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, aka " M3 "), detected an infrared absorption at a wavelength of 3. 0 micrometers that only water or hydroxyl – a hydrogen and an oxygen bound together – could have created.

It was made by using a crude version of an instrument we now term as a mass spectrometer.

The mass spectrometer operates by generating a beam of ionized atoms from the sample under test.

The ultraviolet spectrometer team was led by Professor Charles Barth.

Light from the source is split into two beams by a half-silvered mirror, one is reflected off a fixed mirror and one off a moving mirror which introduces a time delay — the Fourier transform spectrometer is just a Michelson interferometer with a movable mirror.

The frequency of the periodic response, as governed by the field conditions in the spectrometer, is indicative of the measured properties of the analyte.

The Fellgett advantage, also known as the multiplex principle, states that when obtaining a spectrum when measurement noise is dominated by detector noise ( which is independent of the power of radiation incident on the detector ), a multiplex spectrometer such as a Fourier transform spectrometer will produce a relative improvement in signal-to-noise ratio, compared to an equivalent scanning monochromator, of the order of the square root of m, where m is the number of sample points comprising the spectrum.

This is achieved by ionizing the sample with inductively coupled plasma and then using a mass spectrometer to separate and quantify those ions.

Next, the plasma ionizes these atoms ( M → M < sup >+</ sup > + e < sup >−</ sup >) so that they can be detected by the mass spectrometer.

The purpose of which is to allow a vacuum that is required by the mass spectrometer.

where E < sub > binding </ sub > is the binding energy ( BE ) of the electron, E < sub > photon </ sub > is the energy of the X-ray photons being used, E < sub > kinetic </ sub > is the kinetic energy of the electron as measured by the instrument and φ is the work function of the spectrometer ( not the material ).

During this time, entry science experiments were performed by using a retarding potential analyzer, a mass spectrometer, and pressure, temperature and density sensors.