The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably ; there are " strong bonds " such as covalent or ionic bonds and " weak bonds " such as dipole – dipole interactions, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding.

Microfibrils are held together by hydrogen bonds to provide a high tensile strength.

The Harvard classification had been developed by assigning a different letter to each star based on the strength of the hydrogen spectra line, before the relationship between spectra and temperature was known.

These strong hydrogen bonds, for example, result in the high tensile strength and melting point of polymers containing urethane or urea linkages.

Dipole bonding is not as strong as hydrogen bonding, so a polyester's melting point and strength are lower than Kevlar's ( Twaron ), but polyesters have greater flexibility.

The strength of MHC class I ligand binding is dependent on the composition of the ligand C-terminus, as peptides bind by hydrogen bonding and by close contacts with a region called the " B pocket " on the MHC surface.

Care must be taken, however, when using enthalpies of vaporization to measure the strength of intermolecular forces, as these forces may persist to an extent in the gas phase ( as is the case with hydrogen fluoride ), and so the calculated value of the bond strength will be too low.

In addition to intra-and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, keratins have large amounts of the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine, required for the disulfide bridges that confer additional strength and rigidity by permanent, thermally-stable crosslinking — a role sulfur bridges also play in vulcanized rubber.

Rather, these aircraft rely on both a higher pressure of the lifting gas ( usually helium, rather than hydrogen ) inside the envelope and the strength of the envelope itself.

The low electron affinity of hydrogen and the strength of the H – H bond (∆ H < sub > BE </ sub > =

The interaction strength depends on the functional groups in the analyte molecule which promote partitioning but can also include coulombic ( electrostatic ) interaction and hydrogen donor capability.

This allows for increased hydrogen bonding between adjacent polymers, giving the chitin-polymer matrix increased strength.

* Proton precession magnetometer, which measures the strength and / or direction of a magnetic field by measuring the resonance frequency of protons ( hydrogen nuclei ) in the magnetic field

They had already accepted Krafft Ehricke's arguments that hydrogen was the only practical fuel for upper stages, and started the Centaur project based on the strength of these arguments.

The walls of the redesigned hydrogen tank were machined in an orthogonal waffle-like pattern, providing more strength and stability than the previous design.

If, for example, the strong nuclear force were 2 % stronger than it is ( i. e., if the coupling constant representing its strength were 2 % larger ), while the other constants were left unchanged, diprotons would be stable and hydrogen would fuse into them instead of deuterium and helium.

heavy water ) and the strength of hydrogen bonding.

As John begins planting hydrogen fuel cells ( similar to the ones powering the model seen in Terminator 3 ), human-cyborg terminator Marcus Wright arrives to stall the Terminator, able to match its strength due to his own metal endoskeleton, but due to Marcus harbouring biological organs, the Terminator is able to incapacitate him long enough to stab John through the heart from behind, fatally wounding him.

This pressure can increase to levels where the metal has reduced ductility and tensile strength up to the point where it cracks open ( hydrogen induced cracking, or HIC ).

Steel with an ultimate tensile strength of less than 1000 MPa or hardness of less than 30 HRC are not generally considered susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement.

This selective leaching process is known as hydrogen attack, or high temperature hydrogen attack and leads to decarburization of the steel and loss of strength and ductility.

Carbamide peroxide has about a third of the strength of hydrogen peroxide.

These bonds, which are stronger than the sp < sup > 3 </ sub > bonds found in alkanes and diamond, provide nanotubes with their unique strength.

All bonds can be explained by quantum theory, but, in practice, simplification rules allow chemists to predict the strength, directionality, and polarity of bonds.

The strength of metallic bonds for different metals reaches a maximum around the center of the transition metal series, as those elements have large amounts of delocalized electrons in tight binding type metallic bonds.

Mass deacidification-along with microfilm and lamination-was developed during the early-and mid-20th century as a response to the chemical process of hydrolysis by which the fibers that constitute paper, providing its structure and strength, have their bonds broken, resulting in paper that becomes increasingly brittle over time.

Disulfide bonds are largely responsible for the mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein keratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers, and the element contributes to their pungent odor when burned.

::: Comments on the strength of blood bonds.

The low thermal expansion and high melting point and strength of tungsten originate from strong covalent bonds formed between tungsten atoms by the 5d electrons.

The distance between two bonded atoms is a sensitive measure of the bond strength and its bond order ; thus, X-ray crystallographic studies have led to the discovery of even more exotic types of bonding in inorganic chemistry, such as metal-metal double bonds ,< ref > metal-metal quadruple bonds ,< ref > and three-center, two-electron bonds.

These strengths vary with the hardness of the snow, type of snow crystal, the number of bonds per unit volume, and the strength of contact interfaces between the layers.

Fluorocarbons with only single bonds are very stable because of the strength and nature of the carbon – fluorine bond.

Additionally, multiple carbon – fluorine bonds increase the strength and stability of other nearby carbon – fluorine bonds on the same geminal carbon, as the carbon has a higher positive partial charge.

The strength of adhesion depends on many factors, including the means by which it occurs.

On the varying strength of these two monsoons the rainfall of the district depends.

Similarly, the intensity of electromagnetic forces depends upon the strength ( electric charge ) of the electromagnetic field.

The cryptographic strength of the HMAC depends upon the cryptographic strength of the underlying hash function, the size of its hash output length in bits, and on the size and quality of the key.

The cryptographic strength of the HMAC depends upon the size of the secret key that is used.

The strength of such an argument depends on the warrant, i. e. whether or not one can demonstrate a process which leads to the significant effect.

Modifications ( such as acetylation or phosphorylation ) that lower the charge of the globular histone core are predicted to " loosen " core-DNA association ; the strength of the effect depends on location of the modification within the core.

In relativistic contexts, time cannot be separated from the three dimensions of space, because the observed rate at which time passes for an object depends on the object's velocity relative to the observer and also on the strength of gravitational fields, which can slow the passage of time.

A rope with a bowline retains approximately 65 % of its strength at the location of the knot, although in practice the exact strength depends on a variety of factors.

Le Chatelier's principle qualitatively describes systems of non-instantaneous change ; the duration of adjustment depends on the strength of the negative feedback to the initial shock.

The field strength at which breakdown occurs depends on the respective geometries of the dielectric ( insulator ) and the electrodes with which the electric field is applied, as well as the rate of increase at which the electric field is applied.

The Earth's magnetic field quickly deflects the electrons at right angles to the geomagnetic field, and the extent of the deflection depends upon the strength of the magnetic field.

The strength of the E1 pulse depends upon the number and intensity of the gamma rays produced by the weapon and upon the rapidity of the gamma ray burst from the weapon.

The total number of flux line s depends on the strength of the source and is constant with increasing distance.

If this susceptibility itself depends upon the electric field, one can obtain a nonlinear optical effect of magneto-optical parametric generation ( somewhat analogous to a Pockels effect whose strength is controlled by the applied magnetic field ).

The period of swing of a simple gravity pendulum depends on its length, the local strength of gravity, and to a small extent on the maximum angle that the pendulum swings away from vertical, θ < sub > 0 </ sub >, called the amplitude.

However, there is also the non-linear Kerr effect: the refractive index of a material at a given frequency depends on the light's amplitude or strength.

Just what happens in a specific orogen depends upon the strength and rheology of the continental lithosphere, and how these properties change during orogenesis.

The graph of the dimensionless function f which indicates how the strength of the tidal potential depends on the eccentricity ε of the ellipsoid

The optimal depth depends on factors such as the skater's weight, ability, strength, sporting activity, and ( for ice hockey ) style of play.

The angle of slope that can allow moving snow to accelerate depends on a variety of factors such as the snow's shear strength, which is itself dependent upon crystal form, and the configuration of layers and inter-layer interfaces.

The type of instrument used depends on the strength of the signal and the amount of detail needed.