In Europe, the discipline originated as ethnology and was originally defined as the study of social organization in non-state societies, later redefined as social anthropology.

It is more scientifically defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste.

The term archaeoastronomy was first used by Elizabeth Chesley Baity ( at the suggestion of Euan MacKie ) in 1973, but as a topic of study it may be much older, depending on how archaeoastronomy is defined.

In Gregory ’ s day, history was not recognized as an independent field of study ; it was a branch of grammar or rhetoric, and historia ( defined as ‘ story ’) summed up the approach of the learned when they wrote what was, at that time, considered ‘ history .’ Gregory ’ s Dialogues Book Two, then, an authentic medieval hagiography cast as a conversation between the Pope and his deacon Peter, is designed to teach spiritual lessons.

Paulien Hogeweg and Ben Hesper defined the term in 1978 to refer to " the study of information processes in biotic systems ".

It was this temporary feature which inspired Wegener to study what he defined as continental drift, although he did not live to see his hypothesis become generally accepted.

Another study was started to see if a new RISC architecture could be defined that could directly support the VMS operating system.

Joseph Stalin further delineated and defined dialectical and historical materialism as the world outlook of Marxism-Leninism, and as a method to study society and its history.

The term ethnologia ( ethnology ) is credited to Adam Franz Kollár ( 1718-1783 ) who used and defined it in his Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates published in Vienna in 1783. as: “ the science of nations and peoples, or, that study of learned men in which they inquire into the origins, languages, customs, and institutions of various nations, and finally into the fatherland and ancient seats, in order to be able better to judge the nations and peoples in their own times .”

Sufficient time for defined outcomes to occur can influence the study outcomes and the statistical power of a study to detect differences between a treatment and control arm.

An important object of study in functional analysis are the continuous linear operators defined on Banach and Hilbert spaces.

Currently, physics is traditionally defined as the study of matter, energy, and the relation between them.

It allows the extension of bounded linear functionals defined on a subspace of some vector space to the whole space, and it also shows that there are " enough " continuous linear functionals defined on every normed vector space to make the study of the dual space " interesting.

The above studies created the genre of the story of civilization and defined the fields of anthropology and sociology and therefore the modern study of history for two hundred years.

Differential calculus is a subfield of calculus concerned with the study of the rates at which quantities change while integral calculus is defined informally to be the area of the region in the xy-plane bounded by the graph of f, the x-axis, and the vertical lines and, such that areas above the axis add to the total, and the area below the x axis subtract from the total.

However, as often happens with the study of prehistoric times, the ultimate beginnings cannot be clearly defined and new discoveries are continuous and ongoing.

Number theorists study prime numbers as well as the properties of objects made out of integers ( e. g., rational numbers ) or defined as generalizations of the integers ( e. g., algebraic integers ).

* Climatology is the study of the climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a long period of time.

Pharmacology ( from Greek, pharmakon, " poison " in classic Greek ; " drug " in modern Greek ; and ,-logia " study of ", " knowledge of ") is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous ( within the cell ) molecule which exerts a biochemical and / or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.

Aristotle defined it as the study of the state.

Whereas classical political philosophy is primarily defined by a concern for Hellenic and Enlightenment thought, political scientists are also marked by a great concern for " modernity " and the contemporary nation state, along with the study of classical thought, and as such share a greater deal of terminology with sociologists ( e. g. structure and agency ).

Power analysis can assist in study design by determining what sample size would be required in order to have a reasonable chance of rejecting the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is true.

In May 2009, the National Federation of State High School Associations released the results of their first true high school participation study.

Furthermore, a recent study suggests that the link to adrenaline and ' true ' extreme sports is tentative.

Carlyle also felt that the study of great men was " profitable " to one's own heroic side ; that by examining the lives led by such heroes, one could not help but uncover something about one's true nature.

New research ( based on theory and field study ) has shown this is not necessarily true.

Owing to this intimate connection with the ibn Tibbons, Anatoli was introduced to the philosophy of Maimonides, the study of which was such a great revelation to him that he, in later days, referred to it as the beginning of his intelligent and true comprehension of the Scriptures, while he frequently alluded to Ibn Tibbon as one of the two masters who had instructed and inspired him.

Scientific investigation he insists upon as an absolute necessity for the true comprehension of religion, despite the fact that his contemporaries regarded all the hours which he was accustomed to spend with his father-in-law, Samuel ibn Tibbon, in mathematical and philosophic study as mere waste of time.

After having persuaded himself that Amidism was not the true Buddhist doctrine, he passed to the study of Zen Buddhism, which had become popular in Kamakura and Kyōto.

Carl Sagan suggested that there are three claims in the field of parapsychology which have at least some experimental support and " deserve serious study ", as they " might be true ":

Although some have been found to share certain acoustic peculiarities, such as a lowered third formant, further study has revealed that this does not hold true across different languages.

" After long study and experience, I have come to the conclusion that all religions are true ; all religions have some error in them ; all religions are almost as dear to me as my own Hinduism, in as much as all human beings should be as dear to one as one's own close relatives.

According to political scientist William Harpine in his study of the rhetoric of the 1896 campaign, " Bryan's speech cast a net for the true believers, but only for the true believers.

Some students of universal grammar study a variety of grammars to abstract generalizations called linguistic universals, often in the form of " If X holds true, then Y occurs.

After the first chapter, which simply outlines past ideas and accepted rules regarding the heart and lungs, Harvey moves on to a fundamental premise to his treatise, stating that it was extremely important to study the heart when it was active in order to truly comprehend its true movement ; a task which even he found of great difficulty, as he says:

The same is true for the non-Hasidic Litvish yeshivas that are controlled by dynastically transmitted rosh yeshivas and the majority of students will not become rabbis, even after many years of post-graduate kollel study.

For the purpose of the study of legends, in the academic discipline of folkloristics, the truth value of legends is irrelevant because, whether the story told is true or not, the fact that the story is being told at all allows scholars to use it as commentary upon the cultures that produce or circulate the legends.

Though musicological study of popular music has vastly increased in quantity recently, Middleton's assertion in 1990 — that most major " works of musicology, theoretical or historical, act as though popular music did not exist "— holds true.

More generally there are other differences between the studies that need to be allowed for, but the general aim of a meta-analysis is to more powerfully estimate the true effect size as opposed to a less precise effect size derived in a single study under a given single set of assumptions and conditions.

His true master was Dr Monro ; to the practical teaching of that first patron and the wise simplicity of method of watercolour study, in which he was disciplined by him and companioned by Giston, the healthy and constant development of the greater power is primarily to be attributed ; the greatness of the power itself, it is impossible to over-estimate.

His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical.

Probably Leonardo da Vinci could be recognized as the first true biomechanician, because he was the first to study anatomy in the context of mechanics.

* How to study character ; or, The true basis for the science of mind

After the study, the subjects were informed of the true nature of the study, and steps were taken in order to ensure that the subjects left in a state of well being.