* Paul Bowers-The Garrett enigma and the early submarine pioneers ( Shrewsbury: Airlife, 1999 ) ISBN 1-84037-066-1

Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, and they were adopted by several different navies.

The term originated in the 19th century for inductors used to prevent distortion in submarine telegraph cables.

By the middle of the 19th century, manufacture of large submarine telegraph cables was done using machines similar to those used for manufacture of mechanical cables.

Early in the 19th century, much of what is now the submarine base was the site of several plantations, including Cherry Point, Harmony Hall, New Canaan, Marianna and Kings Bay.

In the 19th century Porthcurno was connected to the rest of the world by submarine cables

From the end of the 19th century and until the beginning of World War I, the Portuguese Navy was modernized and received a series of new warships, including six cruisers, four torpedo boats, a submarine, three destroyers, 13 gunships and others.

Other attractions in Fisherman's Wharf area are the Hyde Street Pier which is part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, the USS Pampanito, a decommissioned World War II era submarine, and the Balclutha, a 19th century cargo ship.

The House of Cable was where the first submarine cable between Europe and America arrived, joining the French city of Marseille with Carúpano, back in the late 19th century.

The Greek historian Thucydides suggested in 426 BC that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes, but the understanding of a tsunami's nature remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown.

Improvements in submarine communications cables, through the use of fiber-optics, caused some decline in the use of satellites for fixed telephony in the late 20th century, but they still serve remote islands such as Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Diego Garcia, and Easter Island, where no submarine cables are in service.

The United States Navy has named several ships USS Bancroft, as well as the fleet ballistic missile submarine USS George Bancroft ( SBN-643 ), after Bancroft, and the mid-19th century United States Coast Survey schooner USCS Bancroft also was named for him.

There is a long tradition of Russian naval vessels bearing Nevsky's name, such as the nineteenth century screw frigate Alexander Nevsky and a nuclear submarine currently being built for the Russian Navy.

The most recent eruption was of a submarine volcano north of Methana in the 17th century.

While studying law at Tōkyō Senmon Gakkō ( present day Waseda University ) at the turn of the century, Oshikawa published Kaitō Bōken Kidan: Kaitei Gunkan ( 海島冒険奇譚 海底軍艦 )(" Undersea Warship "), the story of an armoured, ram-armed submarine in a future history of war between Japan and Russia.

This unplanned wartime scientific surveying enabled Hess to collect ocean floor profiles across the North Pacific Ocean, resulting in the discovery of flat-topped submarine volcanoes, which he termed guyots, after the nineteenth century geographer Arnold Henry Guyot.

* G-1 ( submarine ), a class of early-20th century submarines constructed by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut and purchased by the United States Navy

With the 20th century came the submarine.

Modern surface warfare dates from the mid 20th century, when surface, air, and submarine warfare components were blended together as a tactical unit to achieve strategic objectives.

In the second half of the 20th century, the importance of naval surface power was reduced as air and submarine warfare platforms demonstrated their capabilities.

In the 21st century, it has been clearly demonstrated that a modern navy must be composed of all three platforms ( surface, submarine, and air ) to be effective in projecting naval power and maintaining sea control.

The printed sources which could be readily monitored greatly expanded with the advent of telegraphy and submarine cables in the mid-to late-19th century ; the various types of media now available proliferated in the 20th century, with the development of radio, television, the copier and the internet.

: 2: A tower-like structure on the dorsal ( topside ) surface of a submarine, serving in submarines built before the mid-20th century as a connecting structure between the bridge and pressure hull and housing instruments and controls from which the periscopes were used to direct the submarine and launch torpedo attacks.

Since the mid-20th century, it has been replaced by the sail ( United States usage ) or fin ( European and British Commonwealth usage ), a structure similar in appearance which no longer plays a function in directing the submarine.

In the late nineteenth century, the remote beach at Porthcurno became internationally famous as the British termination of early submarine telegraph cables, the first of which was landed in 1870, part of an early international link stretching all the way from the UK to India, which was then a British colony.

Alligator by Brutus de Villeroi and the famous Hunley, which became the first submarine to sink an enemy vessel.

An inventor Brutus de Villeroi tested the first French submarine in the village on 12 August 1832.

* September 6 – Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol, Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer, inventor of the first combustion engine-driven submarine, which was propelled by an early form of air-independent propulsion ( b. 1819 ).

* September 28 – Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol, Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer, inventor of the first combustion engine-driven submarine, which was propelled by an early form of air-independent propulsion ( d. 1885 ).

It is also the birthplace of Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol, inventor of the first successful machine-powered submarine.

In effect, Monturiol invented the first fully functional submarine.

This prompted him to think of submarine navigation and in September 1857 he went back to Barcelona and organized the first commercial society in Catalonia and Spain dedicated to the exploration of submarine navigation with the name of Monturiol, Font, Altadill y Cia.

* December 14-Catalan inventor Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol submerges his submarine Ictineo II at Barcelona, demonstrating its chemically-fired anaerobic steam propulsion system.

# REDIRECT Spanish submarine Narcíso Monturiol

* 1863 – American Civil War: The H. L. Hunley, the first submarine to sink a ship, sinks during a test, killing its inventor, Horace L. Hunley.

Spar torpedoes were employed by the Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley ( and were successful in sinking the USS Housatonic ), as well as by David-class torpedo boats, among others.

* October 15 – American Civil War: The first operable submarine, the CSS Hunley sinks during a test, killing Horace Lawson Hunley ( its inventor ) and a crew of seven.

* October 25 – The wreck of the Confederate submarine Hunley is found off Charleston, South Carolina, by pioneer underwater archaeologist, Dr. E. Lee Spence, then just 22 years old.

Hunley was the first submarine in history to sink a ship in warfare.

February 17: submarine H. L. Hunley ( submarine ) | Hunley

* February 17 – American Civil War: The tiny Confederate submarine Hunley torpedoes the USS Housatonic, becoming the first submarine to sink an enemy ship ( the sub and her crew of 8 are also lost ).

The development of submarines, for example, can be traced via underwater archaeological research, via the Hunley which was the first submarine to sink an enemy ship ( Hunley also had unique construction details not found in previous vessels and was one of the only historic warships ever raised intact ), the Resurgam II, the first powered submarine, and Holland 5, which provides insight into the development of submarines in the British Navy.

Hunley becomes the first submarine to sink a ship, the USS Housatonic, during the American Civil War.

# REDIRECT H. L. Hunley ( submarine )

Hunley the first submarine in history to sink an enemy ship ; and the Georgiana, said to have been the most powerful Confederate cruiser.

# REDIRECT H. L. Hunley ( submarine )

Drawing of the H. L. Hunley ( submarine ) | Hunley

However, the Hunley, built in New Orleans as a privateer by Horace Hunley, later came under the control of the Confederate Army at Charleston, SC, but was manned partly by a C. S. Navy crew ; she became the first submarine to sink a ship in a wartime engagement.