Ndzwani was generally ruled by a single sultan, who occasionally attempted to extend his authority to Mayotte and Mwali ; Ngazidja was more fragmented, on occasion being divided into as may as 12 small kingdoms.

* Mamluk sultan Baibars conducts an unsuccessful siege of the city of Tripoli, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of Cyprus.

" Selim fled to the palace, where he swore fealty to his cousin as the new sultan, and attempted to commit suicide.

Any sultan who attempted to modernize the Ottoman military structure and replace the Janissaries was either immediately killed or deposed.

The empire fell into political decadence, and the sultan died in early 1316 ; Malik Kafur ’ s attempted usurpation ended in his death.

The sultan of Upper Perak and other local chiefs attempted to end foreign influence in the region and remove the British administrator James W. W. Birch.

Mehmed the Conqueror, the Ottoman sultan living in the 15th century, European sources say “ who was known to have ambivalent sexual tastes, sent a eunuch to the house of Notaras, demanding that he supply his good looking fourteen year old son for the Sultan ’ s pleasure.

A messenger from Hassan arrived and stated, " Did I not wish the sultan well that the dagger which was struck in the hard ground would have been planted on your soft breast ".

A fictional Middle Eastern state often lies somewhere on the Arabian peninsula, has substantial oil-wealth and will have a sultan, or features a stereotypically Muslim Extremist culture, widespread terrorism and poverty, and a country name ending in-istan.

As sultan, oil wealth would have allowed Sultan Said bin Taimur to modernize his country, and, in fact, he secured British recognition of its independence in 1951.

As most emirates have either disappeared, been integrated in a larger modern state or changed their rulers ' styles, e. g. to malik ( Arabic for king ) or sultan, such true emirate-states have become rare.

For example, in his panegyric of Theodore I Laskarsis, Choniates describes a battle with a Seljuk sultan as a battle between Christianity and Islam, and rhetorically compares the wounds of Theodore, who had himself slain an enemy commander, to those of Christ on the crossDimiter Angelov suggests that western crusading ideology may have influenced the development of this view on reconquest, and during this period, there is mention that Patriarch Michael IV Autoreianos offered full remission of sins to Nicene troops about to enter battle, a practice almost identical to a western plenary indulgence.

: Evidence: The play could not have been written any earlier than January 1596, as it contains an allusion to the Sultanate of Mehmed III, who didn't become sultan until that date.

The city of Pontianak in Indonesia is named after this creature, which was claimed to have haunted the first sultan who once settled there.

David's formal cooption into government may have occurred even earlier, in 1083, when George II left Georgia for the negotiations at the court of the Seljuq sultan Malik-Shah I.

He seems to have been in league with William II of Sicily, who was a powerful thorn in the side of the Empire, which helped him to hold the island as long as he did, and had close connections to sultan Saladin as well.

It was thus possible for a sultan to have many children, and in particular, many sons.

When the war was over the warriors returned to their lands, and in that way the sultan did not have to support them when he didn't need them.

The minarets have a total of 10 galleries ( serifes ), which by tradition indicates that Suleiman I was the 10th Ottoman sultan.

The caravanserai of Hekimhan is unique in having, underneath the usual inscription in Arabic with information relating to the edifice, two further inscriptions in Armenian and Syriac, since it was constructed by the sultan Kayqubad I's doctor ( hekim ) who is thought to have been a Christian by his origins, and to have converted to Islam.

In the first of these he was completely successful ; the sultan, believing as little as every one else that the canal was anything more than a dream, gave his consent at a price the moderation of which he must afterwards have regretted.

The states of Penang, Malacca, Sarawak and Sabah do not have any sultan, but the king ( Yang di-Pertuan Agong ) plays the role of head of Islam in each of those states as well as in each of the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya.

Combining his memory and cartooning ability with his international travels, in the process he produced one of the few images of the sultan, a man who was generally unwilling to be photographed or have his image drawn.

Nonetheless, in 1196 al-Aziz Uthman, the Ayyubid sultan, decided to have it demolished in case of its capture by the Crusaders.

It was common for a new sultan to have his brothers killed, including infants, sometimes dozens of them at once.

Turn a corner or enter a home, and one is bound to find someone bent over a loom, pouring melted metal into moulds, or putting the finishing touches on an intricately carved chest, wall décor, or giant drum ( which is said to have been used in the past by the sultan to call his people to meetings ).

Nader also wanted to set himself up as a rival of the Ottoman sultan for supremacy within the Muslim world, which would have been impossible had he remained an orthodox Shi ' ite.

According to Ibn Batuta, the Khiljis encouraged conversion to Islam by making it customary to have the convert presented to the sultan ( who would place a robe on him and reward him with gold bracelets ).

Initially the sultan did not meet the demands, and the sloop-of-war USS Dale bombarded the island's fortifications ; ultimately Selim paid US $ 1, 000 and released Captain Moores.

Hamoud became sultan with the support of the British consul, Sir Basil Cave, upon the death of Hamad bin Thuwaini.

The publication in 1839 of A Journal written during an Excursion in Asia Minor roused such interest that Lord Palmerston, at the request of the British Museum authorities, asked the British consul at Constantinople to get leave from the sultan to ship a number of the Lycian works of art.

To circumvent the situation of having to negotiate with a sultan influenced by the Dutch, Raffles decided to recognise, on behalf of the British Crown, Hussein Shah as being the rightful ruler of Johor.

Cave also informed the consuls not to recognise Khalid as sultan, to which they agreed.

Mahmud I was recognized as sultan by the mutineers as well as by court officials but for some weeks after his accession the empire was in the hands of the insurgents.

Profiting from the confusion surrounding the accession of the new sultan Murad IV, he pretended to be making a pilgrimage to the Shi ' ite shrines of Kerbala and Najaf, but used his army to seize Baghdad.

On the accession of sultan Suleiman II in 1687 only 130 Janissary inductees were graduated to the Janissary ranks.

* 1165-Faked conversions become widespread with the accession of the sultan Abu Yakub.

Alp Arslan ( ālp arslān ; ālb ārslān ; 1029 – 15 December 1072 ) was the third sultan of the Seljuq dynasty and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty.

He was, however, obliged to surrender and was carried a prisoner before the sultan, who condemned him to death.

In the battle of Antioch on the Maeander in 1211, the sultan was defeated and killed, and Alexios III was captured by Theodore Laskaris.

In 1867 he was the first Ottoman sultan to visit Western Europe ; his trip included a visit to the United Kingdom, where he was made a Knight of the Garter by Queen Victoria and shown a Royal Navy Fleet Review with Ismail of Egypt.

He was the son of sultan Ahmed III ( 1703 – 30 ) and succeeded his brother Mustafa III ( 1757 – 74 ) on January 21, 1774.

The Latin clergy were expelled after the city was captured by Saladin, the sultan of Egypt and Syria.

When the capital was burned in 1893, the sultan sought and received protectorate status from the French.

In 1922, the last Ottoman sultan was deposed and in 1923 Ankara became the new capital of Turkey.

Since the Byzantine army was still holding on after this defeat the sultan thought it was time to set up his secret weapon, a huge mobile tower.

In 1183, a census was taken of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, to ascertain the number of men and amount of money that could possibly be raised against an invasion by Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria.

The town was finally reconstructed by sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah ( 1756 – 1790 ), the grandson of Moulay Ismail and ally of George Washington with the help of Spaniards from the nearby emporium.

Koujak was a rival of Fakhr-al-Din and a friend of the sultan Murad IV, who ordered Koujak and the sultanate's navy to attack Lebanon and depose Fakhr-al-Din.

This was a most atypical piece of headgear for a Turkish sultan, which he probably never normally wore, but which he placed beside him when receiving visitors, especially ambassadors.

The sultan provided the pasha with a corps of janissaries, which was in turn divided into a number of companies under the command of a junior officer or bey.

On the strength of his years of study in Mecca, Ibn Battuta was appointed a qadi, or judge, by the sultan.

* Tunis-At that time, Abu Yahya ( son of Abu Zajaria ) was the sultan of Tunis.

The question was whether these nationalities were to be allowed to become independent or were only to exchange the tyranny of the sultan for the tyranny of the tsar or the Habsburg emperor.

In May 1896, Shaikh Muhammad Al-Sabah was assassinated by his half-brother, Mubarak, who, in early 1897, was recognized, by the Ottoman sultan, as the qaimmaqam ( provincial sub-governor ) of Kuwait.