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system and Chinese
Another possible source of the suanpan is Chinese counting rods, which operated with a decimal system but lacked the concept of zero as a place holder.
While Zhuyin is not used as a mainstream writing system, it is still often used in ways similar to a romanization system — that is, for aiding in pronunciation and as an input method for Chinese characters on computers and cellphones.
When the Ming Dynasty Chinese astronomer Xu Guangqi adapted the European southern hemisphere constellations to the Chinese system in The Southern Asterisms, he combined Apus with some of the stars in Octans to form the " Exotic Bird " ( 異雀, Yìquè ).
Parallels to the earliest Babylonian ( Sumerian ) star catalogues suggest that the ancient Chinese system did not arise independently from that of the Ancient Near East.
* Written Chinese, the writing system of China
Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than an actual decrease ; others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols created a system of enserfment among a huge portion of the Chinese populace, causing many to disappear from the census altogether ; other historians like William McNeill and David Morgan argue that the Bubonic Plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period.
This turn of events marked China's transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy with an increasingly open market environment, a system termed by some as " market socialism ", and officially by the Communist Party of China as " Socialism with Chinese characteristics ".
The more familiar indigenous system are Chinese characters that correspond to numerals in the spoken language.
Most people and institutions in China primarily use the Indian ( Arabic ) system for convenience, with traditional Chinese numerals used mainly in some formal or ceremonial occasions such as on printed money.
The Chinese character numeral system consists of the Chinese characters used by the Chinese written language to write spoken numerals.
Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius ( 孔夫子 Kǒng Fūzǐ, or K ' ung-fu-tzu, lit.
The idea of Filial piety influenced the Chinese legal system: a criminal would be punished more harshly if the culprit had committed the crime against a parent, while fathers often exercised enormous power over their children.
The Chinese Imperial examination system seems to have been started in 165 BC, when certain candidates for public office were called to the Chinese capital for examination of their moral excellence by the emperor.
It is a system of moral, social, political, and religious thought that has had tremendous influence on Chinese history, thought, and culture down to the 21st century.
Various Chinese dialects complicate the system.
While the phonetic system is easy to learn, choosing appropriate Chinese characters slows typing speed.

system and astrology
In the West, astrology most often consists of a system of horoscopes that claim to explain aspects of a person's personality and predict future events in their life based on the positions of the sun, moon, and other planetary objects at the time of their birth.
In the earliest Indian astronomy texts, the year was believed to be 360 days long, similar to that of Babylonian astrology, but the rest of the early astrological system bears little resemblance.
Western astrology places the equinox at the beginning of Aries, about 23 degrees after the equinox in the Hindu system.
The oldest undisputed evidence of the use of astrology as an integrated system of knowledge is therefore attributed to the records of the first dynasty of Mesopotamia ( 1950 1651 BCE ).
Although the zodiac remains the basis of the ecliptic coordinate system in use in astronomy besides the equatorial one, the term and the names of the twelve signs are today mostly associated with horoscopic astrology.
In common usage, horoscope often refers to an astrologer's interpretation, usually based on a system of Sun sign astrology ; or on the calendar significance of an event, as in Chinese astrology.
In Chinese astrology, horoscopes are based on the symbolism of the Chinese zodiac, a system of elements and animals associated with each year according to a sexagenary cycle.
Astronomy is not to be confused with astrology, the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects.
Perhaps the most widely-known system of early civilization fortune-telling was astrology, where practitioners believed the relative positions of celestial bodies could lend insight into people's lives and even predict their future circumstances.
In the perfected system of astrology, the planet Jupiter was associated with Marduk by the Hammurabi period.
* Solar system in astrology
It is a common misconception that the animals assigned by year are the only signs, and many western descriptions of Chinese astrology draw solely on this system.
The Babylonians ' system of omen astrology was relatively simple and direct compared to later developments, foretelling mundane occurrences such as famine, war, peace, and so on based on predefined celestial indicators.
In the Vedic / Hindu system of astrology, a planet is said to be devoid of its strength when in combustion.
Hindu astrology ( also known as Indian astrology, more recently Vedic astrology, also Jyotish or Jyotisha, from Sanskrit, from " light, heavenly body ") is the traditional Hindu system of astronomy and astrology.
Hindu astrology includes several nuanced sub-systems of interpretation and prediction with elements not found in Hellenistic astrology, such as its system of lunar mansions ( nakshatras ).
* Medium Coeli, a point of definition in the ecliptic coordinate system in astrology
The tropical system was adopted during the Hellenistic period and remains prevalent in western astrology.

system and was
( That corpus of law was a reflection of the power system in existence during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Bluntly, there never was a Ptolemaic system of astronomy.
Thus, Margenau remarks: `` A large number of unrelated epicycles was needed to explain the observations, but otherwise the ( Ptolemaic ) system served well and with quantitative precision.
This system was dependent upon identical maps and Thomas supplied them from a mobile lithograph press.
He was the first of 2,800,000 called to the Army through the selective service system.
The Suez-Hungary crisis proves that this system was not invented by the new Administration, but only made more consistent and more active.
Behind were privies, for there was no sewage system.
Considering the high cost of the F-108 system -- over $4 billion for the force that had been planned -- and the time period in which it would become operational, it was decided to stop further work on the project.
Several efforts were made in this direction, and though not all of them survive to this day, the Brown & Sharpe wire gage system was eventually adopted as the American standard and is still in common use today.
As the Juniors entered the ring, Mr. Spring, the announcer, stated over the public-address system that this was the 28th year that Westminster has held the Finals of the Junior Competition.
) This is the same system as was used in the field-sequential color-TV system which preceded the present simultaneous system.
In working out the practical legal conclusions President Waters was not thinking only of this pilot project, for it is planned to duplicate this program or system in other builder developments nationally.
The magnetic resonance absorption was detected by employing a Varian model Af broad line spectrometer and the associated 12-inch electromagnet system.
-- Matheson highest purity tank chlorine was passed through a tube of resublimed Af into an evacuated Pyrex system where it was condensed with liquid air.
This chlorine-carbon tetrachloride solution was illuminated for a day following which the flask was resealed onto a vacuum system and the excess chlorine distilled off.
The numbering system used in Tables 1 and 2 and Figures 1 and 2 was continued for the 21 growth centers.
The whole system was again reviewed and reorganized in 1933.
The system was not well adapted to conditions of life in urban centers.
The system tended to break down during the war, but was reactivated ; ;
The same system, with minor modifications, was developed in Ruanda-Urundi under Belgian administration.
Final ratings were made on the basis of a point system which was developed after studying the distributions of actual behaviors recorded and assigning weight values to each type of behavior that was deviant from the discovered norms.

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