The tathāgathagarbha, the Theravāda doctrine of bhavaṅga, and the Yogācāra store consciousness were all identified at some point with the luminous mind of the Nikāyas.

The language used by this approach is primarily negative, and the tathāgatagarbha genre of sutras can be seen as an attempt to state orthodox Buddhist teachings of dependent origination using positive language instead, to prevent people from being turned away from Buddhism by a false impression of nihilism.

Christine Mollier concluded that a number of Buddhist sutras found in medieval East Asia and Central Asia adopted many materials from earlier Taoist scriptures.

* Kumārajīva, ( 344-413 ), Buddhist monk from India, translator of sutras into Chinese

* 561 to 592: Buddhist monk Jnanagupta translates 39 sutras from Sanskrit to Chinese.

Pure Land sutras were brought from the Gandhāra region to China as early as 147 CE, when the Kushan monk Lokakṣema began translating the first Buddhist sūtras into Chinese.

The Buddha nature genre of sutras can be seen as an attempt to state orthodox Buddhist teachings of dependent origination using positive language instead, to prevent people from being turned away from Buddhism by a false impression of nihilism.

The Buddhist term anatta ( Pāli ) or anātman ( Sanskrit ) is used in the sutras both as a noun and as a predicative adjective to denote that phenomena are not, or are without, a Self, to describe any and all composite, consubstantial, phenomenal and temporal things, from the macrocosmic to microcosmic, be it matter pertaining to the physical body or the cosmos at large, as well as any and all mental machinations, which are impermanent.

The language used by this approach is primarily negative, and the Tathagatagarbha genre of sutras can be seen as an attempt to state orthodox Buddhist teachings of dependent origination using positive language instead, to prevent people from being turned away from Buddhism by a false impression of nihilism.

After rebelling against heaven and being imprisoned under a mountain by the Buddha, he later accompanies the monk Xuanzang on a journey to retrieve Buddhist sutras from India.

Five centuries later, the Bodhisattva Guanyin went out in search for disciples that could protect a pilgrim from the East to journey to India to retrieve the Buddhist sutras.

Xuanzang is modeled after the historical Tang Dynasty Buddhist monk of the same name, whose life was the book's inspiration ; the real Xuanzang made a perilous journey on foot from China to India ( and back ) to obtain Buddhist sutras.

Apart from prayers and reading of sutras, there are Mahayana Buddhist mantras and ritualistic meditative techniques that are available for laypersons to practice on their own.

According to Venerable Hsuan Hua from the tradition of Chinese Buddhism, there are five types of beings who may speak the sutras of Buddhism: a buddha, a disciple of a buddha, a deva, a ṛṣi, or an emanation of one of these beings ; however, they must first receive certification from a buddha that its contents are true Dharma.

The Mahāyāna sutras survive predominantly in primary translations in Chinese and Tibetan from original texts in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit or various prakrits.

Although there are records of Buddhist monks from China coming to Japan before the Asuka Period, the " official " introduction of Buddhism to Japan is dated to 552 in Nihon Shoki when Seong of Baekje sent a mission from his kingdom in Korea to Nara that included some Buddhist monks or nuns, together with an image of Buddha and a number of sutras to introduce Buddhism.

In the context of Pūrva Mīmāṃsā 6. 3. 1 shown above, next two sutras becomes significant, in which this Omnipotent Being is termed as " pradhāna ", and keeping away from Him is said to be a " doṣa ", hence all beings are asked to get related (" abhisambandhāt " in tadakarmaṇi ca doṣas tasmāt tato viśeṣaḥ syāt pradhānenābhisambandhāt ; Jaimini 6, 3. 3 ) to the " Omnipotent Main Being " ( api vāpy ekadeśe syāt pradhāne hy arthanirvṛttir guṇamātram itarat tadarthatvāt ; Jaimini 6, 3. 2 ).

In 847 he returned to Japan and in 854, he became the chief priest of the Tendai sect at Enryakuji, where he built buildings to store the sutras and religious instruments he brought back from China.

A passing fisherman saved him from drowning, but unfortunately the sutras had been ruined by the water.

Because of the use of expedient means ( upāya ) by metaphors ( e. g., the hidden jewel ) in the way that the tathāgatagarbha was taught in some sutras, two fundamentally mistaken notions arose: first that the tathāgatagarbha was a teaching different from and somehow more definitive than the teaching of emptiness ( śūnyatā ), and second that tathāgatagarbha was believed to be a substance of reality, a creator, or a substitute for the ego-substance or fundamental self ( ātman ) of the Brahmans.

In these sutras the perfection of the wisdom of not-self is stated to be the true self ; the ultimate goal of the path is then characterized using a range of positive language that had been used previously in Indian philosophy by essentialist philosophers, but which was now transmuted into a new Buddhist vocabulary to describe a being who has successfully completed the Buddhist path.

Several Buddhist and Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink.

The Chinese translation of many Buddhist sutras has in fact replaced the Chinese transliteration of Avalokitesvara with Guanshiyin ( 觀世音 ) Some Daoist scriptures give her the title of Guanyin Dashi, and sometimes informally as Guanyin Fozu.

Citing Buddhist sutras and commentaries, Nichiren argued that the Buddhist teachings were being distorted for their own gain.

* 782: Buddhist monk Prajna reaches Chang ' an and enlists the help of Christian bishop Ching Ching ( Adam ) in translating sutras into Chinese.

* c. 401: Buddhist monk and translator of sutras, Kumarajiva into Chinese arrives in Chang ' an

* Emperor Xuanzong of Tang forbids all commercial vendors and shops in the Chinese capital city of Chang ' an to copy and sell Buddhist sutras, so that the emperor can give the clergy of the Buddhist monasteries the sole right to distribute written sutras to the laity.

In the year 714, Emperor Xuanzong forbade shops and vendors in the city of Chang ' an to sell copied Buddhist sutras, instead giving the Buddhist clergy of the monasteries the sole right to distribute sutras to the laity.

But, it is explicitly stated in Buddhist sutras that the worship of an Ishvara ( an ancient South Asian term for a creator god, most likely not referring to the Abrahamic God who may not have been known in South Asia during the Buddha's lifetime, but given the context meaning either Shiva, Kali or Brahma ) is unnecessary to the attainment of Nirvana, as the Buddha believed worshipers are still trapped in an endless cycle of rebirth ( Samsara ).

It was also taken into China brought by Kasyapa Matanga in the 2nd century CE, Lokaksema and An Shigao translated Buddhist sutras into Chinese.

In the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, it is claimed that the historical Shakyamuni Buddha taught tantra, but that since these are ' secret ' teachings, confined to the guru / disciple relationship, they were generally written down long after the Buddha's other teachings, the Pali Canon and the Mahayana sutras.

The doctrine of Aum Shinrikyo is based on the Bible, Buddhist sutras and others.

Transcending the ritual text to consider living language, Pāṇini specifies a comprehensive set of about 4, 000 aphoristic rules ( sutras ) that:

Some Mahayana Buddhist sutras and tantras present Buddhist teachings on emptiness using positive language by positing the ultimate reality of the " true self " ( atman ).

According to some scholars, the " tathagatagarbha "/ Buddha nature discussed in some Mahayana sutras does not represent a substantial self ( atman ); rather, it is a positive language and expression of sunyata ( emptiness ) and represents the potentiality to realize Buddhahood through Buddhist practices.

In these sutras the perfection of the wisdom of not-self is stated to be the true self ; the ultimate goal of the path is then characterized using a range of positive language that had been used in Indian philosophy previously by essentialist philosophers, but which was now transmuted into a new Buddhist vocabulary to describe a being who has successfully completed the Buddhist path.

Some scholars take an agnostic view and consider the Mahāyāna sutras as an anonymous literature, since it can not be determined by whom they were written, and only can be dated firmly to the date when they were translated into another language.

Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit ( BHS ) is a modern linguistic category applied to the language used in a class of Indian Buddhist texts, such as the Perfection of Wisdom sutras.

Lokakṣema ( Ch: 支婁迦讖 Zhī Lóujiāchèn, sometimes abbreviated 支讖 Zhī Chèn ), born around 147 CE, was the earliest known Buddhist monk to have translated Mahayana sutras into the Chinese language and as such was an important figure in Buddhism in China.

Kang contributed to the diffusion and translation of Buddhist sutras into the Chinese language.

Some sutras, such as the Mahayana Angulimaliya Sutra, also insist that not everything is empty, for the Buddha Nature, and Liberation ( moksha ) are stated not to be empty.