Since the absorption of radio waves in rocklike material varies with wave length, it should be possible to sample the temperature variation at different depths beneath the surface and possibly detect changes in the structure or composition of the lunar surface material.

One sample, which had been exposed to the atmosphere after evacuation at 375-degrees-C, showed the presence of adsorbed water ( about 0.3 wt ) ) as evidenced by a weak resonance line which was very narrow at room temperature and which disappeared, due to broadening, at low temperature.

The mixtures of sample plus cell suspension were allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 Aj.

For the albumin method, equal volumes of 30% bovine albumin, sample and 2% cells suspended in saline were allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hr and then were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 1 Aj.

Upon completion of the purging step, additional initiator appropriate for the molecular weight of the sample desired is added, and the system is then warmed to the polymerization temperature, at which the reaction is allowed to go to completion.

A measured volume ( typically 10 – 50 μL ) or a weighed mass ( typically around 1 mg ) of a solid sample are introduced into the graphite tube and subject to a temperature program.

The graphite tubes are heated via their ohmic resistance using a low-voltage high-current power supply ; the temperature in the individual stages can be controlled very closely, and temperature ramps between the individual stages facilitate separation of sample components.

* Atomization of the sample from a graphite platform inserted into the graphite tube ( L ’ vov platform ) instead of from the tube wall in order to delay atomization until the gas phase in the atomizer has reached a stable temperature ;

The relative intensity of these peaks depends on the excitation power and temperature of the sample.

He was able to make observations in polarized light, and his microscope was equipped with a hot stage ( sample holder equipped with a heater ) enabling high temperature observations.

In DSC, a small sample is heated in a way that generates a very precise change in temperature with respect to time.

For a typical liquid crystal sample, S is on the order of 0. 3 to 0. 8, and generally decreases as the temperature is raised.

The vast majority of PCR methods use thermal cycling, i. e., alternately heating and cooling the PCR sample to a defined series of temperature steps.

When the sample is heated, at a certain temperature it will glow from the emission of electrons released from the defects, and this glow can be used to estimate the age of the sample to a threshold of approximately 15 percent of its true age.

Since the calorimeter runs in an adiabatic environment, any heat generated by the material sample under test causes the sample to increase in temperature, thus fuelling the reaction.

The early gas laws were developed at the end of the 18th century, when scientists began to realize that relationships between the pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold for all gases.

After the sample is injected, the plasma's extreme temperature causes the sample to separate into individual atoms ( atomization ).

The high temperature of the plasma is sufficient to cause a very large portion of the sample to form ions.

Methods of the first group employ electron emission from the sample induced by photon absorption ( photoemission ), by high temperature ( thermionic emission ), due to an electric field ( field electron emission ), or using electron tunnelling.

One can use the Richardson – Dushman equation directly to determine the work function by temperature variation of the sample, as well.

where k < sub > B </ sub > is Boltzmann's constant, T is the temperature, R is the resistance, and is the bandwidth of the frequency.

The CMBR has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 2. 725 K, which peaks at the microwave range frequency of 160. 2 GHz, corresponding to a 1. 873 mm wavelength.

Climatic factors include the amount and intensity of precipitation, the average temperature, as well as the typical temperature range, seasonality, wind speed, and storm frequency.

Crystals have very high Q-factor and also better temperature stability than tuned circuits, so crystal oscillators have much better frequency stability than LC or RC oscillators.

Using inputs such as input voltage, output voltage, output current, frequency, ambient temperature, and inductance these calculators can predict the losses of the inductors core and AC / DC based on the operating condition of the circuit being used.

This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 1 to 400 THz, and includes most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature.

* Stage IV: Twenty-four to thirty-six hours after last dose: Increase in all of the above including severe cramping and involuntary leg movements (" kicking the habit "), loose stool, insomnia, elevation of blood pressure, moderate elevation in body temperature, increase in frequency of breathing and tidal volume, tachycardia ( elevated pulse ), restlessness, nausea

The operating frequency varies with changes in load impedance, with changes in the supply current, and with the temperature of the tube.

Typical input and output devices include switches, relays, solenoids, LEDs, small or custom LCD displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level etc.

We may calculate the ratio of the populations of the two states at room temperature ( T ≈ 300 K ) for an energy difference ΔE that corresponds to light of a frequency corresponding to visible light ( ν ≈ 5 × 10 < sup > 14 </ sup > Hz ).

The emitted wave frequency of the thermal radiation is a probability distribution depending only on temperature, and for a black body is given by Planck's law of radiation.

" To this information there needs to be added a sense of greater hotness ; this sense can be had, independently of calorimetry, of thermodynamics, and of properties of particular materials, from Wien's displacement law of thermal radiation: the temperature of a bath of thermal radiation is proportional, by a universal constant, to the frequency of the maximum of its frequency spectrum ; this frequency is always positive, but can have values that tend to zero.

If the waves have the correct frequency ( or wavelength ) and polarization, their energy can be transferred to the charged particles in the plasma, which in turn collide with other plasma particles, thus increasing the temperature of the bulk plasma.

where A is the frequency factor for the reaction, R is the universal gas constant, T is the temperature ( in kelvins ), and k is the reaction rate coefficient.

where m is the atomic mass, ν is the frequency, u is the average vibration amplitude, k < sub > B </ sub > is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature.

For good performance of the gain medium, the separation between sub-levels should be larger than working temperature ; then, at pump frequency, the absorption dominates.

The Allan variance is intended to estimate stability due to noise processes and not that of systematic errors or imperfections such as frequency drift or temperature effects.

In telecommunication, antenna noise temperature is the temperature of a hypothetical resistor at the input of an ideal noise-free receiver that would generate the same output noise power per unit bandwidth as that at the antenna output at a specified frequency.

Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a way that the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low.

A tuning fork crystal is usually cut such that its frequency over temperature is a parabolic curve centered around 25 ° C.

This means that a tuning fork crystal oscillator will resonate close to its target frequency at room temperature, but will slow down when the temperature either increases or decreases from room temperature.