John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton of PR Watch argue that the term " junk science " has come to be used to deride scientific findings that stand in the way of short-term corporate profits.

For example, the tobacco industry has used the term " junk science " to describe research demonstrating the harmful effects of smoking and second-hand smoke, through the vehicle of various " astroturf groups ".

While the most widely recognized form of spam is e-mail spam, the term is applied to similar abuses in other media: instant messaging spam, Usenet newsgroup spam, Web search engine spam, spam in blogs, wiki spam, online classified ads spam, mobile phone messaging spam, Internet forum spam, junk fax transmissions, social networking spam, social spam, television advertising and file sharing network spam.

The term " junk defense " is also often used to refer to zone defenses in general ( or to zone defense applied by the defending team momentarily, before switching to a man defense ), especially by members of the attacking team before they have determined which exact type of zone defense they are facing.

The term " junk food news " was first used in print by Carl Jensen in the March 1983 edition of Penthouse.

Orgone interested Burroughs particularly because he believed that it could be used to ease or alleviate " junk sickness "— a popular term for heroin withdrawal.

The term junk may be used to cover many kinds of boat — ocean-going, cargo-carrying, pleasure boats, live-aboards.

Another theory is that the term derives from scrap metal or other objects ( junk ) used to create the distinctive goombay drum.

This work is credited with the first use of the word " Spam " as a term for junk e-mail.

The term " junk mail ," referring to unsolicited commercial ads delivered via post office or directly deposited in consumers ' mail boxes, can be traced back to 1954.

Because it is not always easy to tell when that line is crossed, I use the term voodoo science to cover them all: pathological science, junk science, pseudoscience and fraudulent science.

Proponents of this advertising medium often use the terms broadcast fax or fax advertising to avoid the negative connotation of the term junk fax.

* Promoting " good epidemiology " and attacking so-called junk science ( a term popularised by industry lobbyist Steven Milloy ): attacking the methodology behind research showing health risks as flawed and attempting to promote sound science.

The term " Space Hulk ", from which the game gets its name, is used within the Warhammer 40, 000 universe for any masses of ancient, derelict starships, asteroids, and other assorted space junk drifting in and out of the Warp that eventually merges into one massive form, ranging from the size of a small moon to a large planet, which drift through the territory of the Imperium.

The term does not denote any particular purpose for the mail ; but in general usage is synonymous with " junk mail ".

Net. art stems from " conjoined phrases in an email bungled by a technical glitch ( a morass of alphanumeric junk, its only legible term ' net. art ')".

Sportacus encourages the kids of LazyTown to eat " sports candy " ( his term for fruits and vegetables ), and to play outside instead of just sitting around indoors playing video games or eating junk food.

Kabaadivala, or Kabadi meaning " junk or scrap dealer ", is a term in Hindustani used commonly to refer to a person who deals with used household objects.

Telebasura ( pronounced te-leh-bah-SOO-rah ; from Spanish tele and basura, meaning " TV " and " garbage " respectively ) is a Spanish disparaging term for non-fiction TV programs which are perceived to be " junk ".

It is one of the DNA sequences collectively referred to as junk DNA, though it is only one phenomenon labeled such and in scientific studies today, the term is less used.

Milloy has popularized the use of the term " junk science " in public debate, which he defines as " faulty scientific data and analysis used to advance special and, often, hidden agendas.

" He went on to label Milloy " a tireless antiscience polemicist " who applies the term " junk science " to " anything that doesn't match his right-wing concept of reality.

Among those who prefer larger, heavier guns, the term mousegun is sometimes applied to junk guns, especially those in. 22 Long Rifle or. 25 ACP.

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

The first use of the term " anthropology " in English to refer to a natural science of humanity was apparently in 1593, the first of the " logies " to be coined.

The term " droid ", coined by George Lucas for the original Star Wars film and now used widely within science fiction, originated as an abridgment of " android ", but has been used by Lucas and others to mean any robot, including distinctly non-human form machines like R2-D2.

" The term made an impact into English pulp science fiction starting from Jack Williamson's The Cometeers ( 1936 ) and the distinction between mechanical robots and fleshy androids was popularized by Edmond Hamilton's Captain Future ( 1940 – 1944 ).

In the 1950s, many of them were retrospectively patched together into novels, or " fixups " as he called them, a term which entered the vocabulary of science fiction criticism.

The term is also used, especially in the description of algorithms, to mean associative array or " abstract array ", a theoretical computer science model ( an abstract data type or ADT ) intended to capture the essential properties of arrays.

While the term — literally meaning " sailing the air "— originally referred solely to the science of operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology, business and other aspects related to aircraft.

: Science of the mind, or cultural or spiritual science ), a term generally used in German to refer to the humanities and social sciences ; in fact, the term " science " is used more broadly in Europe as a general term that refers to any exact knowledge.

The lack of artifacts caused concern for some archaeologists and the petrofabric analysis was inconclusive, but further research at Maes Howe and on the Bush Barrow Lozenge led MacKie to conclude that while the term ' science ' may be anachronistic, Thom was broadly correct upon the subject of high-accuracy alignments.

The term shmoo has also entered the lexicon, defining highly technical concepts in no less than four separate fields of science, including the variations shmooing ( a microbiological term for the " budding " process in yeast reproduction ), and shmoo plot ( a technical term in the field of electrical engineering ).

Sometimes, especially in computer science, the term is used for any binary function.

A bain-marie (; also known as a water bath in English,,, or ) is a French term for a piece of equipment used in science, industry, and cooking to heat materials gently and gradually to fixed temperatures, or to keep materials warm over a period of time.

# the science of phylogenetics and its methods ( phylogenetic analysis = cladistic analysis ), although sometimes the term is restricted to maximum parsimony ;

The term cognitive science was coined by Christopher Longuet-Higgins in his 1973 commentary on the Lighthill report, which concerned the then-current state of Artificial Intelligence research.

The term " cognitive " in " cognitive science " is " used for any kind of mental operation or structure that can be studied in precise terms " ( Lakoff and Johnson, 1999 ).

Caltech requires students to take a core curriculum of 30 classes: five terms of mathematics, five terms of physics, two terms of chemistry, one term of biology, a freshman elective " menu " course, two terms of introductory lab courses, 2 terms of science writing, and 12 terms of humanities.

The term is parallel to-ology in English, being used to construct the names of academic fields: the Chinese names of fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, political science, economics, and sociology all end in xué.

In food science and in many informal contexts, the term carbohydrate often means any food that is particularly rich in the complex carbohydrate starch ( such as cereals, bread, and pasta ) or simple carbohydrates, such as sugar ( found in candy, jams, and desserts ).