The term is also used, especially in the description of algorithms, to mean associative array or " abstract array ", a theoretical computer science model ( an abstract data type or ADT ) intended to capture the essential properties of arrays.

Shortly after, in 1869, Irish chemist Thomas Andrews studied the phase transition from a liquid to a gas and coined the term critical point to describe the instant at which a gas and a liquid were indistinguishable as phases, and Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals supplied the theoretical framework which allowed the prediction of critical behavior based on measurements at much higher temperatures.

The term semi-empirical is sometimes used to describe theoretical methods that make use of basic axioms, established scientific laws, and previous experimental results in order to engage in reasoned model building and theoretical inquiry.

Gnosis is used throughout Greek philosophy as a technical term for experience knowledge ( see gnosiology ) in contrast to theoretical knowledge or epistemology.

The term was coined using the name of the Austrian theoretical physicist Wolfgang Pauli.

An important theoretical notion concerning the final term of the above Lagrangian is the Wilson loop variable.

In its original theoretical sense, the term qubit is thus a measure for the amount of information.

Similarly, table is commonly used in place of the theoretical term relation ( though in SQL the term is by no means synonymous with relation ).

The term variable arises due to the interest mathematicians, logicians, philosophers of language, theoretical linguists and computer language designers have in formal language representations of natural language.

For example in the arts and philosophy, the term " theoretical " may be used to describe ideas and empirical phenomena which are not easily measurable.

As a result, theories may make predictions that have not yet been confirmed or proven incorrect ; in this case, the predicted results may be described informally with the term " theoretical.

The American theoretical physicist John Archibald Wheeler coined the term wormhole in 1957 ; however, in 1921, the German mathematician Hermann Weyl already had proposed the wormhole theory, in connection with mass analysis of electromagnetic field energy.

* Strategy, including: Funding sources ( individuals, corporations, foundations, donors / governments, endowments, sales / events ) and business model ( independent research, contract work, advocacy ); The balance between research, consultancy, and advocacy ; The source of their arguments: Ideology, values or interests ; applied, empirical or synthesis research ; or theoretical or academic research ( Stephen Yeo ); The manner in which the research agenda is developed — by senior members of the think tank or by individual researchers, or by the think tank of their funders ; Their influencing approaches and tactics ( many researchers but an interesting one comes from Abelson ) and the time horizon for their strategies: long term and short term mobilisation ; Their various audiences of the think tanks ( audiences as consumers and public-this merits another blog ; soon ) ( again, many authors, but Zufeng provides a good framework for China ); and Affiliation, which refers to the issue of independence ( or autonomy ) but also includes think tanks with formal and informal links to political parties, interest groups and other political players.

It was Gibbs who coined the term " statistical mechanics " to identify the branch of theoretical physics that accounts for the observed thermodynamic properties of systems in terms of the statistics of large ensembles of particles.

It was not until the publication of Rameau's ' Traité de l ' harmonie ' ( Treatise on Harmony ) in 1722 that any text discussing musical practice made use of the term in the title, though that work is not the earliest record of theoretical discussion of the topic.

There are theoretical senses of the term Universal Grammar as well ( here capitalized ).

Depending on the definition, the term may apply only to isolated atoms, or also to atoms in condensed matter, covalently bound in molecules, or in ionized and excited states ; and its value may be obtained through experimental measurements, or computed from theoretical models.

In public choice theory, such scenarios of inefficient government policies are referred to as government failure — a term akin to market failure from earlier theoretical welfare economics.

The broad term Vulgar Latin should not be confused with the more specific term Proto-Romance, which refers specifically to the theoretical common ancestor to the modern Romance languages.

( A more general term is " political economy ", an earlier name for " economics " that evokes its practical and theoretical origins but should not be mistaken for the Marxian use of the same term.

Significant alcohol intake produces changes in the brain's structure and chemistry, though some alterations occur with minimal use of alcohol over a short term period, such as tolerance and physical dependence.

The term or, which gives the ( unnormalised ) relative probability of a state, is called the Boltzmann factor and appears often in the study of physics and chemistry.

Caltech requires students to take a core curriculum of 30 classes: five terms of mathematics, five terms of physics, two terms of chemistry, one term of biology, a freshman elective " menu " course, two terms of introductory lab courses, 2 terms of science writing, and 12 terms of humanities.

The term is parallel to-ology in English, being used to construct the names of academic fields: the Chinese names of fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, political science, economics, and sociology all end in xué.

One of the first mentions of the term " computational chemistry " can be found in the 1970 book Computers and Their Role in the Physical Sciences by Sidney Fernbach and Abraham Haskell Taub, where they state " It seems, therefore, that ' computational chemistry ' can finally be more and more of a reality.

The term affinity has been used figuratively since c. 1600 in discussions of structural relationships in chemistry, philology, etc., and reference to " natural attraction " is from 1616.

According to chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Reactions by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall led to the replacement of the term " affinity " by the term " free energy " in much of the English-speaking world.

Where the underlying mechanistic chemistry of staining is understood, the term histochemistry is used.

The term " oxo " is used widely through chemistry.

In chemistry, the term base metal is used informally to refer to a metal that oxidizes or corrodes relatively easily, and reacts variably with dilute hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) to form hydrogen.

However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term molecule is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions.

Methyl is the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry term for an alkane ( or alkyl ) molecule, using the prefix " meth -" to indicate the presence of a single carbon.

* Monolayer, a term used in chemistry, physics and biology

The term " physical chemistry " was coined by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752, when he presented a lecture course entitled " A Course in True Physical Chemistry " ( Russian: « Курс истинной физической химии ») before the students of Petersburg University.

In chemistry, paraffin is a term that can be used synonymously with " alkane ", indicating hydrocarbons with the general formula C < sub > n </ sub > H < sub > 2n + 2 </ sub >.

Current usage in chemistry is that p stands for " decimal cologarithm of ", as also in the term pK, used for acid dissociation constants.

In chemistry, the term transition metal ( sometimes also called a transition element ) has two possible meanings:

In chemistry, activation energy is a term introduced in 1889 by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius that is defined as the energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur.

The term dipolar bond is used in organic chemistry for compounds such as amine oxides for which the electronic structure can be described in terms of the basic amine donating two electrons to an oxygen atom.

In fuel chemistry, the term has the more specific meaning of increasing the carbon ( and therefore energy ) content of a fuel by mixing it with a volatile hydrocarbon.

`` I may possibly be a greater risk than is the normal person of my age '', the President had said on February 29th of the election year, ignoring the fact that no one of his age had ever lived out another term.

For the near term, however, it must be realized that the industrial and commercial market is somewhat more sensitive to general business conditions than is the military market, and for this reason I would expect that any gain in 1961 may be somewhat smaller than those of recent years ; ;

The term altruism may also refer to an ethical doctrine that claims that individuals are morally obliged to benefit others.

Abnormal and pathological anxiety or fear may itself be a medical condition falling under the blanket term " anxiety disorder ".

The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp.

The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals ; however, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey analog signals.

" Capitalism ," as anarcho-capitalists employ the term, is not to be confused with state monopoly capitalism, crony capitalism, corporatism, or contemporary mixed economies, wherein market incentives and disincentives may be altered by state action.

In statistics, the term analysis may refer to any method used

The term may also refer to the physical region where the electron can be calculated to be, as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital.

Most often, the term describes those who create within a context of the fine arts or ' high culture ', activities such as drawing, painting, sculpture, acting, dancing, writing, filmmaking, photography, and music — people who use imagination, talent, or skill to create works that may be judged to have an aesthetic value.

The term may be also used loosely or metaphorically to denote highly skilled people in any non -" art " activities, as well — law, medicine, mechanics, or mathematics, for example.

English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Hebrew, Arabic, Portuguese, and Russian speakers may use the term American to refer to either inhabitants of the Americas or to U. S. nationals.

They generally have other terms specific to U. S. nationals, such as German US-Amerikaner, French étatsunien, Japanese 米国人 beikokujin, Arabic أمريكاني amriikaanii ( as opposed to the more-common أمريكي amriikii ), and Italian statunitense, but these may be less common than the term American.

Latin Americans also may employ the term norteamericano ( North American ), which conflates the United States, Canada and Mexico.

Its coastal acquisition may have been one reason yellow amber came to be designated by the same term as ambergris.

The second suggestion is " vine ", which is reached through * Ambilō, which may be related to the Greek term ámpelos, itself meaning " vine, liana ".

Although the term aeon may be used in reference to a period of a billion years ( especially in geology, cosmology or astronomy ), its more common usage is for any long, indefinite, period.

" " Giving Directions " is the term for thinking and projecting an anatomically ideal map of how one's body may be used effortlessly.

However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American and South American nations, and their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.

The Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms defines the term Alford plea as: " A plea under which a defendant may choose to plead guilty, not because of an admission to the crime, but because the prosecutor has sufficient evidence to place a charge and to obtain conviction in court.

The term may also apply to works of fiction purporting to be autobiographies of real characters, e. g., Robert Nye's Memoirs of Lord Byron.

As with those who engage other activities such as singing or running, the term may apply broadly to anyone who engages in it even briefly, or be more narrowly limited to those for whom it is a vocation, habit or characteristic practice.

However, the Church declared that "' Extreme unction ' ... may also and more fittingly be called ' anointing of the sick '" ( emphasis added ), and has itself adopted the latter term, while not outlawing the former.

In law, the term abeyance can only be applied to such future estates as have not yet vested or possibly may not vest.

Current hypotheses suggest that asexual reproduction may have short term benefits when rapid population growth is important or in stable environments, while sexual reproduction offers a net advantage by allowing more rapid generation of genetic diversity, allowing adaptation to changing environments.