Historians have known since Louis Duchesne's critical edition of the Liber Pontificalis that the ' renumbering ' was actually due to a misunderstanding in the textual transmission of the official Papal lists.

Many of these rules, although originally developed for biblical textual criticism, have wide applicability to any text susceptible to errors of transmission.

A papyrus fragment covering lines 917 – 33, part of a poem addressed to Democles ( identity unknown ) and considered on textual grounds to be a late addition to the Theognidean corpus, probably fifth centuryCoincidentally, Nietzsche's first published article, On the History of the Collection of the Theognidean Anthology ( 1867 ), concerned the textual transmission of the poems.

Confusion in numbering Popes John results from an error in the textual transmission of the entry on John XIV ( 983 / 984 ) in the Liber Pontificalis.

McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artifacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy ( 2002 14 ).

Belanger ( 1977 ) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission.

For Hills, the task of biblical scholarship is to identify the particular line of preserved transmission through which God is acting ; a line which he sees in the specific succession of manuscript copying, textual correction and printing, which culminated in the Textus Receptus and the King James Bible.

Scholarly consensus has long accepted that the Song of Roland differed in its presentation depending on oral or textual transmission ; namely, although a number of different versions of the song containing varying material and episodes would have been performed orally, the transmission to manuscript resulted in greater cohesiveness across versions.

The first known character dictionary was the 3rd century BC Erya 爾雅, collated and bibliographed by Liu Xiang 劉向 and his son Liu Xin 劉歆, lost the pre-Han script during the course of textual transmission.

Mathes relates a version of the traditional textual transmission of the RGV by Maitrīpa ( ca.

In extreme cases, nationalists will ignore the process of ethnogenesis altogether and claim ethnic identity of their own group with some scarcely attested ancient ethnicity known to scholarship by the chances of textual transmission or archaeological excavation.

Archimago, as we'll now see, is a paper tiger when he tries to carry out his initiatives in person rather than making himself scarce and entrusting the transmission of his evil to textual channels.

The process of learning alchemical recipes and receiving scriptures combined rituals, oral instruction, and textual transmission.

Infallibility refers to the original texts of the Bible, and all mainstream scholars acknowledge the potential for human error in transmission and translation ; yet, through use textual criticism modern ( critical ) copies are considered to " faithfully represent the originals ", and our understanding of the original language sufficiently well for accurate translation.

The Folio is no more a definitive text than the quartos ; many of the plays in the folio omit lines that can be found in quarto versions, and include misprints and textual corruption.

Most Western educational systems required the textual study of two or more of Shakespeare's plays, and both amateur and professional stagings of Shakespeare were commonplace.

Determination of the exact shares of each writer ( for instance by Cyrus Hoy ) in particular plays is ongoing, based on patterns of textual and linguistic preferences, stylistic grounds, and idiosyncrasies of spelling.

Based on internal textual references, " Johnny I Hardly Knew Ye " apparently dates from the early 1820s, while When Johnny Comes Marching Home was first published in 1863.

As such, it can be seen as connecting other disciplinary approaches for investigating ancient astronomy: astroarchaeology ( an obsolete term for studies that draw astronomical information from the alignments of ancient architecture and landscapes ), history of astronomy ( which deals primarily with the written textual evidence ), and ethnoastronomy ( which draws on the ethnohistorical record and contemporary ethnographic studies ).

Jews, Protestants, and Catholics all use the Masoretic text as the textual basis for their translations of the protocanonical books ( those which are received by both Jews and all Christians ), with various emendations derived from a multiplicity of other ancient witnesses ( such as the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Dead Sea Scrolls, etc.

According to this view, the story of Jacob's visit to Laban to obtain a wife originated as a metaphor for this migration, with the property and family which were gained from Laban representing the gains of the Joseph tribes by the time they returned from Egypt ; according to textual scholars, the Jahwist version of the Laban narrative only mentions the Joseph tribes, and Rachel, and does not mention the other tribal matriarchs whatsoever.

The English Biblical scholar Robert Henry Charles ( 1855 – 1931 ) reasoned on internal textual grounds that the book was edited by someone who spoke no Hebrew and who wished to promote a different theology from John's.

Thus, in the Hindu schools, if a claim was made that could not be substantiated by appeal to the textual canon, it would be considered as ridiculous as a claim that the sky was green and, conversely, a claim which could not be substantiated via conventional means might still be justified through textual reference, differentiating this from the epistemology of modern science.

In particular, when scholars worked on biblical manuscripts, they began developing the principles of textual criticism and a view of the New Testament being the product of a particular historical period different from their own.

The upper-case letter Η is used as a symbol in textual criticism for the Alexandrian text-type ( from Hesychius, its once-supposed editor ).

The " FAQ " is an Internet textual tradition originating from the technical limitations of early mailing lists from NASA in the early 1980s.

Other students have noted a range of textual similarities between passages in the Gospel of Barnabas, and variously the texts of a series of late medieval vernacular harmonies of the four canonical gospels ( in Middle English and Middle Dutch, but especially in Middle Italian ); which are all speculated as deriving from a lost Vetus Latina version of the Diatessaron of Tatian.

Modern scholarship dating from the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement of 19th century Germany, as well as textual analysis influenced by the 20th Century discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, suggests that dating from this period there existed " liturgical formulations of a communal nature designated for particular occasions and conducted in a centre totally independent of Jerusalem and the Temple, making use of terminology and theological concepts that were later to become dominant in Jewish and, in some cases, Christian prayer.

The textual sources for Arthur are usually divided into those written before Geoffrey's Historia ( known as pre-Galfridian texts, from the Latin form of Geoffrey, Galfridus ) and those written afterwards, which could not avoid his influence ( Galfridian, or post-Galfridian, texts ).

Among the textual sources on building construction and associated rituals are Gudea's cylinders from the late 3rd millennium are notable, as well as the Assyrian and Babylonian royal inscriptions from the Iron Age.

Because of its brevity and textual inconsistencies, it has been suggested that this narrative is a “ splinter from a more substantial tale ”.

It is assumed that they had shrines at the top, but there is no archaeological evidence for this and the only textual evidence is from Herodotus.

The expanded Pseudo-Ignatian version of Magnesians, possibly from the middle of the 3rd century, rewrites this passage to make " Lord's " refer to the first day ( the variant textual reading of kata kyriaken zontes, " living according to the Lord's ", is supported by the medieval Latin manuscript Codex Caiensis 395, " secundum Dominicam viventes ").

( Some modern textual scholars consider that the Song of Moses, believed to be originally distinct from the surrounding text of Deuteronomy and not written by Moses, may in reality have been written in response to the theological implications of this disastrous defeat, possibly by Samuel himself.

The passage () in which Samuel is described as having exercised the functions of a ( biblical ) judge, during an annual circuit from Ramah to Bethel to Gilgal ( the Gilgal between Ebal and Gerizim ) to Mizpah and back to Ramah, is thought by textual scholars to be a redaction aimed at harmonizing the two portrayals of Samuel.

In the passage concerning Saul's visit to the Witch of Endor, ascribed by textual scholars to the republican source, Samuel was temporarily raised from the dead so that he can tell Saul his future.

The apocryphal Prayer of Asenath, which textual scholars believe dates from some time after the first century AD ( scholarship in regards to the dating is currently quite contentious, with dates ranging from near the first century, to the fourth or fifth centuries ), describes Levi as a prophet and saint, able to forecast the future, understand heavenly writings ( astrology?

The manuscript has been copied by four hands, with textual " accessories " ( colophons, chapter numbers, and the like ) in a fifth ( Parkes 1982, 6-11 ).

Although because of the important achievements of nineteenth century scholars in the field of textual criticism the advance is not so striking as it was in the case of archaeology and place-names, the editorial principles laid down by Stevenson in his great edition of Asser and in his Crawford Charters were a distinct improvement upon those of his predecessors and remain unimproved upon today.

The only independent textual source for Ammianus lies in M, another ninth-century Frankish codex which was, unfortunately, unbound and placed in other codices during the fifteenth century.

The earliest textual evidence of the handheld crossbow used in battle dates to the 4th century BC.

Today, the numeral is often called stigma, after the value of a Byzantine Greek ligature σ-τ ( ϛ ), which shares the same shape and was used as a textual ligature in Greek print until the 19th century.

This Latin Diatessaron textual tradition has also been suggested as underlying the enigmatic 16th century Islam-inflected Gospel of Barnabas ( Joosten, 2002 ).

By the 4th century, textual " families " or types of text become discernable among New Testament manuscripts.

The textual variation among manuscript copies of books in the New Testament prompted attempts to discern the earliest form of text already in antiquity ( e. g., by the 3rd century Christian author Origen ).

A few authors have argued that the absence of 1st and 2nd century AD textual references to Nazareth suggest the town may not have been inhabited in Jesus ' day.

For she brings with her a jar ( which, due to textual corruption in the sixteenth century, came to be called a box ) containing " burdensome toil and sickness that brings death to men " ( 91 – 2 ), diseases ( 102 ) and " a myriad other pains " ( 100 ).

# In the early twentieth century Nathan Rabinowitz published a series of volumes called Dikduke Soferim showing textual variants from early manuscripts and printings.

The later is the Chronicle of Alfonso III, which was revised in the early tenth century and preserved in two textual traditions that diverge in several key passages: the, preserved in the Roda Codex, and the, supposedly written by Sebastian, Bishop of Salamanca ( 910 – 913 ).

Evidently the regulations preferring male descendants came to be disregarded in some respects, as the Book of Job, which textual scholars date to the fourth century, states in its epilogue that Job's daughters were given equal inheritance rights to his sons, and the Karaites always gave daughters the same rights as sons.

According to 19th century textual scholars these rules originate from two different layers in the priestly source, thought by scholars to be one of the source texts of the Torah ; the priestly code within the priestly source is believed to be a series of additions to the text, from Aaronid editors, over a long period.

The publication of a manuscript of the Samaritan Pentateuch in 17th century Europe reawakened interest in the text and fueled a controversy between Protestants and Roman Catholics over which Old Testament textual traditions are authoritative.

The date of its original construction is unknown, with suggested dates ranging from the fourteenth to the ninth century BC, with textual evidence suggesting it existed in the second millennium.

The Gallic medical writer Marcellus of Bordeaux may offer another textual reference to Esus in his De medicamentis, a compendium of pharmacological preparations written in Latin in the early 5th century and the sole source for several Celtic words.

" For instance, he made a major contribution to the textual study of the Chinese classical novel, especially the 18th century novel Dream of the Red Chamber, as a way of establishing the vocabulary for a modern standardized language.

Interest in applying textual criticism to the Qur ' an has also developed after the discovery of the Sana ' a manuscripts in 1972, which possibly date back to the 7 – 8th century.

Anglo-American textual criticism in the last half of the 20th century came to be dominated by a landmark 1950 essay by Sir Walter W. Greg, " The Rationale of Copy-Text ".

Prior to the 19th century, textual analysis of the Bible itself was the only tool available to extract and evaluate whatever historical data it contained.

* In textual criticism, Codex Petropolitanus, a 9th century, uncial codex of the Gospels, now located in St. Petersburg, Russia.

The historical existence of this event and of persons involved in it is conjectural, as textual evidence is weak and only begins in the 7th century.