J. T. Shotwell was appalled by such spurious history as that which attributed the fall of the Carolingian empire to the woolen trade, and he urged Adams to `` transform his essay into a real history, embodying not merely those facts which fit into his theory, but also the modifications and exceptions ''.

Although Utopian communism is both new in 1516 and also modern, it is not modern communism or even modern socialism, as they exist or have ever existed in theory or in practice.

It is borne out also by the absence of any developed theory about how sin passes from one generation to the next.

Tylor also theorized about the origins of religious beliefs in human beings, proposing a theory of animism as the earliest stage, and noting that " religion " has many components, of which he believed the most important to be belief in supernatural beings ( as opposed to moral systems, cosmology, etc .).

Studies of alchemy also influenced Isaac Newton's theory of gravity.

Thales searched for a simple material-form directly perceptible by the senses, behind the appearances of things, and his theory is also related to the older animism.

Brønsted-Lowry theory can also be used to describe molecular compounds, whereas Arrhenius acids must be ionic compounds.

In class theories such as Von Neumann – Bernays – Gödel set theory and Morse – Kelley set theory, there is a possible axiom called the axiom of global choice which is stronger than the axiom of choice for sets because it also applies to proper classes.

Critics have also argued that, as the Austrian business cycle theory points to the actions of fractional-reserve banks and central banks to explain the business cycles, it fails to explain the severity of business cycles before the establishment of the Federal Reserve in 1913.

It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932 – 33 captain Douglas Jardine to adopt the tactic of fast leg theory, also known as Bodyline.

In category theory, an automorphism is an endomorphism ( i. e. a morphism from an object to itself ) which is also an isomorphism ( in the categorical sense of the word ).

For referring specifically to a U. S. national and things, the words used are estadunidense ( also spelled estado-unidense ) ( United States person ), from Estados Unidos da América, and ianque ( Yankee ), but the term most often used is norte-americano, even though it could, as with its Spanish equivalent, in theory apply to Canadians, Mexicans, etc., as well.

In 1904, he also wrote a novel, Born Again, clearly inspired by the popular Utopian fantasy Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy, an early harbinger of the metaphysical turn his career would take with the theory of Lawsonomy.

He also developed, during the Great Depression, the populist economic theory of " Direct Credits ", according to which banks are the cause of all economic woe, the oppressors of both capital and labour.

Also, as we now know, bosons also have antiparticles, but since bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle ( only fermions do ), hole theory does not work for them.

Kolmogorov complexity is also known as " descriptive complexity " ( not to be confused with descriptive complexity theory ), Kolmogorov – Chaitin complexity, algorithmic entropy, or program-size complexity.

Lavoisier also contributed to early ideas on composition and chemical changes by stating the radical theory, believing that radicals, which function as a single group in a chemical process, combine with oxygen in reactions.

There are also connections to string theory, game theory, graph matchings, solitons and integer programming.

This was also a beginning of a substantial development by others, connecting representation theory and theta-functions.

Collaborators on the SGA projects also included Mike Artin ( étale cohomology ) and Nick Katz ( monodromy theory and Lefschetz pencils ).

Closely linked to these cohomology theories, he originated topos theory as a generalisation of topology ( relevant also in categorical logic ).

He also provided an algebraic definition of fundamental groups of schemes and more generally the main structures of a categorical Galois theory.

As a framework for his coherent duality theory he also introduced derived categories, which were further developed by Verdier.

The lower-level hypotheses are never ' ad hoc ', never introduced ex post facto just to sweep up within the theory some recalcitrant datum.

Later in the 1960s and 1970s, Edmund Leach and his students Mary Douglas and Nur Yalman, among others, introduced French structuralism in the style of Lévi-Strauss ; while British anthropology has continued to emphasize social organization and economics over purely symbolic or literary topics, differences among British, French, and American sociocultural anthropologies have diminished with increasing dialogue and borrowing of both theory and methods.

Basic theories, such as arithmetic, real analysis and complex analysis are often introduced non-axiomatically, but implicitly or explicitly there is generally an assumption that the axioms being used are the axioms of Zermelo – Fraenkel set theory with choice, abbreviated ZFC, or some very similar system of axiomatic set theory like Von Neumann – Bernays – Gödel set theory, a conservative extension of ZFC.

Against this, the Averroists, led by Agostino Nifo, introduced the modifying theory that universal reason in a sense individualizes itself in each soul and then absorbs the active reason into itself again.

He discovered that the so-called Weil representation, previously introduced in quantum mechanics by Irving Segal and Shale, gave a contemporary framework for understanding the classical theory of quadratic forms.

Then, following the programme he outlined in his talk at the 1958 International Congress of Mathematicians, he introduced the theory of schemes, developing it in detail in his Éléments de géométrie algébrique ( EGA ) and providing the new more flexible and general foundations for algebraic geometry that has been adopted in the field since that time.

From about 1955 he started to work on sheaf theory and homological algebra, producing the influential " Tôhoku paper " ( Sur quelques points d ' algèbre homologique, published in 1957 ) where he introduced Abelian categories and applied their theory to show that sheaf cohomology can be defined as certain derived functors in this context.

Homological methods and sheaf theory had already been introduced in algebraic geometry by Jean-Pierre Serre and others, after sheaves had been defined by Jean Leray.

In mathematics, the axiom of regularity ( also known as the axiom of foundation ) is one of the axioms of Zermelo – Fraenkel set theory and was introduced by.

The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced big bang nucleosynthesis ( BBN ) and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ).

As late as 1953 – just five years before Carey introduced the theory of plate tectonics – the theory of continental drift was rejected by the physicist Scheiddiger on the following grounds.

Gauss also made important contributions to number theory with his 1801 book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae ( Latin, Arithmetical Investigations ), which, among things, introduced the symbol ≡ for congruence and used it in a clean presentation of modular arithmetic, contained the first two proofs of the law of quadratic reciprocity, developed the theories of binary and ternary quadratic forms, stated the class number problem for them, and showed that a regular heptadecagon ( 17-sided polygon ) can be constructed with straightedge and compass.

" However, in the case of the so-called Nilo-Hamitic languages ( a concept he introduced ), it was based on the typological feature of gender and a " fallacious theory of language mixture.

In the course of studying the problem, Church and his student Stephen Kleene introduced the notion of λ-definable functions, and they were able to prove that several large classes of functions frequently encountered in number theory were λ-definable.

However it was only in 1927 that the shakta theory of seven main chakras, that has become most popular in the West, was introduced, largely through the translation of two Indian texts: the Sat-Cakra-Nirupana, and the Padaka-Pancaka, by Sir John Woodroffe, alias Arthur Avalon, in a book titled The Serpent Power.

To use an epistemological distinction introduced by Jürgen Habermas in Erkenntnis und Interesse ( Knowledge and Human Interests ), critical theory in literary studies is ultimately a form of hermeneutics, i. e. knowledge via interpretation to understand the meaning of human texts and symbolic expressions — including the interpretation of texts which are themselves implicitly or explicitly the interpretation of other texts.

He later made plans with German film director Werner Herzog, whom Tom Luddy had introduced to Morris, to return in the summer of 1975 to secretly open the grave of Gein's mother to test their theory that Gein himself had already dug her up.

Also in the 17th century, Girard Desargues, motivated by the theory of perspective, introduced the concept of idealized points, lines, and planes at infinity.

The hectograph, introduced around 1876, was so named because it could produce ( in theory ) up to a hundred copies.