A third theory assumes common authorship of the Western and Alexandrian texts, but claims the Alexandrian text is the short first draft, and the Western text is a longer polished draft.

According to bundle theory, an object consists of its properties and nothing more: thus neither can there be an object without properties nor can one even conceive of such an object ; for example, bundle theory claims that thinking of an apple compels one also to think of its color, its shape, the fact that it is a kind of fruit, its cells, its taste, or at least one other of its properties.

Theorist Jane Jacobs claims that city-formation preceded the birth of agriculture though offers no support for this theory.

The relationship between legitimate and illegitimate knowledges, Birchall claims, is far closer than common dismissals of conspiracy theory would have us believe.

Aside from controversies over the merits of particular conspiratorial claims, the general discussion of conspiracy theory is itself a matter of some public contention.

For example, certain activities of the House Un-American Activities Committee may be considered to have been an official attempt to promote a conspiracy theory, yet its claims are seldom referred to as such.

This theory also claims there can be only one rightful sovereign ruling all under heaven at a time but throughout Chinese history there have been many contentious and long periods of disunity where the question of legitimacy is moot ; see also Imperial Seal of China.

Ethical non-naturalism stands in opposition to ethical naturalism, which claims that moral terms and properties are reducible to non-moral terms and properties, as well as to all forms of moral anti-realism, including ethical subjectivism ( which denies that moral propositions refer to objective facts ), error theory ( which denies that any moral propositions are true ), and non-cognitivism ( which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all ).

The other theory claims that the epistolary novel arose from miscellanies of letters and poetry: some of the letters were tied together into a ( mostly amorous ) plot.

Gaetano Mosca in in his work The Ruling Class ( 1896 ) developed the theory that claims that in all societies, an " organized minority " will dominate and rule over the " disorganized majority ".

One theory claims that the Goths maintained contact with southern Sweden during their migration.

One theory claims that the name " haggis " is derived from Norman French.

" This theory of the Roman origins of many European folk traditions related to Diana or Hecate was explicitly advanced at least as early as 1807 and is reflected in numerous etymological claims by lexicographers from the 17th to the 19th century, deriving " hag " and / or " hex " from Hecate by way of haegtesse ( Anglo-Saxon ) and hagazussa ( Old High German ).

Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims — in theory for a relatively few claimants — and for overhead costs.

Ethical subjectivism stands in opposition to moral realism, which claims that moral propositions refer to objective facts, independent of human opinion ; to error theory, which denies that any moral propositions are true in any sense ; and to non-cognitivism, which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all.

Much subsequent controversy about Rousseau's work has hinged on disagreements concerning his claims that citizens constrained to obey the general will are thereby rendered free: The notion of the general will is wholly central to Rousseau's theory of political legitimacy.

One theory of the origins of Freemasonry claims direct descent from the historical Knights Templar through its final fourteenth-century members who took refuge in Scotland whose King, Robert the Bruce was excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church at the time, or other countries where the Templar suppression was not enforced.

Ricardo's labor theory of value is not a normative theory, as are some later forms of the labor theory, such as claims that it is immoral for an individual to be paid less for his labor than the total revenue that comes from the sales of all the goods he produces.

The likelihood theory claims that the distribution of the voltage measurements depends on the probability that an instrument not used in this experiment was broken at the time.

Criticism of learning theories that underlie traditional educational practices claims there is no need for such a theory ; that the attempt to comprehend the process of learning through theory construction creates more problems and inhibits personal freedom.

We then outline the theory of the interaction of paramagnetic dipoles with nuclei and show that the theory is in excellent agreement with experiment.

From about 1955 he started to work on sheaf theory and homological algebra, producing the influential " Tôhoku paper " ( Sur quelques points d ' algèbre homologique, published in 1957 ) where he introduced Abelian categories and applied their theory to show that sheaf cohomology can be defined as certain derived functors in this context.

The completeness of quantum mechanics ( thesis 1 ) was attacked by the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen thought experiment which was intended to show that quantum physics could not be a complete theory.

The benefit of this theory is to show the contributions of non-Han to Chinese history.

Living intermediates show that the evolution proposed by the endosymbiont theory is possible.

theory, do show the phenomena of Bell-inequality violations that are considered to invalidate EPR's preferred " local hidden-variables " type of explanation for the correlations

EPR tried to set up a paradox to question the range of true application of Quantum Mechanics: Quantum theory predicts that both values cannot be known for a particle, and yet the EPR thought experiment purports to show that they must all have determinate values.

Sunday afternoons and weekday nights ( especially Tuesday and Wednesday ) are common times for sessions to be scheduled, on the theory that these are the least likely times for dances and concerts to be held, and therefore the times that professional musicians will be most able to show.

Judith Anderson said his work was based on statistically flawed evidence, John Archer and others said that Rushton failed to understand and misapplied the theory of kin selection, Judith Economos said he was speculative and failed to define the concept of altruistic behavior in a way that it can become manifest and failed to show any plausible mechanism by which members of a species can detect the " altruism gene " in other members of the species, and Steven Gangestad criticized the theory for not being compelling in terms of its attractiveness as an explanatory model, C. R.

Philosophers Richard Wollheim and Thomas Baldwin have argued that Sartre's attempt to show that Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious is mistaken is based on a misinterpretation of Freud.

Paul Dirac observed in 1931 that, because electricity and magnetism show a certain symmetry, just as quantum theory predicts that individual positive or negative electric charges can be observed without the opposing charge, isolated South or North magnetic poles should be observable.

Murray also discussed the murder of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, claiming to show that he too was a pagan by saying that his death " presents many features which are explicable only by the theory that he also was the substitute for a Divine King " ( Murray 171 )

The calculations of the String Vibrational Patterns show that the list of string vibrational patterns and the way each pattern interacts and influences others vary from one theory to another.

: This model has been used in general equilibrium theory, particularly to show existence and Pareto efficiency of economic equilibria.

While examples of embryonic stages show that molecular features of ancestral organisms exist, the theory of recapitulation itself has been viewed within the field of developmental biology as a historical side-note rather than as dogma.

File: James Clerk Maxwell. png | James Clerk Maxwell ( 1831-1879 ): united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a consistent electromagnetic theory, formulated Maxwell ’ s equations to show that electricity, magnetism and light are manifestations of the electromagnetic field, developed the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution ( statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases )

This basic theory does not suggest that efficiency will vary with hydraulic head, and further theory is required to show this.

In this study, they formulated the EPR paradox ( Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen Paradox ), a thought experiment that attempted to show that quantum mechanical theory was incomplete.

Archaeology has given support to the long-held theory that old Norse sagas show Vikings reached North America approximately five centuries prior to the voyages of Christopher Columbus.

procedures change rapidly and parental confidence probably exceeds anything warranted by established psychological theory.

To guard against the tyranny of a numerical majority, Calhoun developed his theory of `` concurrent majority '', which, he said, `` by giving to each portion of the community which may be unequally affected by the action of government, a negative on the others, prevents all partial or local legislation ''.

And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle, in his remarkable long essay, The Heresy Of Democracy, and in a more general way by Voegelin, in his New Science Of Politics, that this same Rousseauan idea, descending through European democracy, is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Analogously, anyone who argues that Einstein's theory of gravitation is simpler than Newton's, must say rather more to explain how it is that the latter is mastered by student-physicists, while the former can be managed ( with difficulty ) only by accomplished experts.

That such deficiencies existed within Ptolemy's theory was not discovered de novo by Copernicus.

In his study Samuel Johnson, Joseph Wood Krutch takes this line when he says that what Aristotle really means by his theory of catharsis is that our evil passions may be so purged by the dramatic ritual that it is `` less likely that we shall indulge them through our own acts ''.

In the face of a clear judgment from archaeology, therefore, it became impossible for a time for scholars to re-adopt the `` shore settled by '' theory.

J. T. Shotwell was appalled by such spurious history as that which attributed the fall of the Carolingian empire to the woolen trade, and he urged Adams to `` transform his essay into a real history, embodying not merely those facts which fit into his theory, but also the modifications and exceptions ''.

However, they do demonstrate the presence of large normal pressures in the presence of flat shear fields which were forecast by the theory in the first part of the paper.

Sample areas in the new investigations were selected strictly by application of the principles of probability theory, so as to be representative of the total population of defined areas within calculable limits.

A state, the highest form of human organization in fact and theory, could be subjected to Law only by a manifestation of self-will, or consent.

The displacement ( at least to a considerable extent ) of the ethical jurisprudence of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by positivism reshaped both international law theory and doctrine.

Philosophy can prevent the working scientist from becoming slothful and self-content by noting the assumptions and level at which a hypothesis or theory is framed.

On the positivist theory, everything I sought to express by calling it evil in the first case is still present in the second.

In these circumstances, since what was expressed by the remark when first made is, on the theory before us, simply absent, the remark now expresses nothing.

-- On the basis of a differentiability assumption in function space, it is possible to prove that, for materials having the property that the stress is given by a functional of the history of the deformation gradients, the classical theory of infinitesimal viscoelasticity is valid when the deformation has been infinitesimal for all times in the past.

But then this theory confesses that it is completely at a loss as to how the image can possibly be received by the brain.

It is borne out also by the absence of any developed theory about how sin passes from one generation to the next.

Thus, while altruistic persons may under some circumstances be outcompeted by less altruistic persons at the individual level, according to group selection theory the opposite may occur at the group level where groups consisting of the more altruistic persons may outcompete groups consisting of the less altruistic persons.

Group selection theory has criticized by many other evolutionary scientists.