Analogously, anyone who argues that Einstein's theory of gravitation is simpler than Newton's, must say rather more to explain how it is that the latter is mastered by student-physicists, while the former can be managed ( with difficulty ) only by accomplished experts.

Dreams that display events of the future with photographic detail call for a theory explaining their basic mystery and all its components, including that weird feeling of deja vue, inevitably fantastic though that theory must seem.

Brønsted-Lowry theory can also be used to describe molecular compounds, whereas Arrhenius acids must be ionic compounds.

Limbo is a theory that unbaptized but innocent souls, such as those of infants, virtuous individuals who lived before Jesus Christ was born on earth, or those that die before baptism must wait before going to heaven.

Therefore, any test of a scientific theory must prohibit certain results which will falsify the theory, and expect other specific results which will be consistent with the theory.

John Miles Foley held, specifically with reference to the Beowulf debate, that while comparative work was both necessary and valid, it must be conducted with a view to the particularities of a given tradition ; Foley argued with a view to developments of oral traditional theory that do not assume, or depend upon, finally unverifiable assumptions about composition, and that discard the oral / literate dichotomy focused on composition in favor of a more fluid continuum of traditionality and textuality.

This theory is evidenced by the fact that the oracles must be dated after the Assyrian destruction of Thebes in 663 BCE as this event is mentioned in Nahum 3: 8.

Claude Shannon proved, using information theory considerations, that any theoretically unbreakable cipher must have keys which are at least as long as the plaintext, and used only once: one-time pad.

In the introduction to his 1947 " Kinetic theory of liquids " book, J Frenkel ( see Yakov Frenkel ) proposed that " The kinetic theory of liquids must accordingly be developed as a generalization and extension of the kinetic theory of solid bodies.

Legislation must conform to a theory of legitimacy, which describes the circumstances under which a particular person or group is entitled to make law, and a theory of legislative justice, which describes the law they are entitled or obliged to make.

# The time value of money ( risk-free rate ) – according to the theory of time preference, investors would rather have cash immediately than having to wait and must therefore be compensated by paying for the delay.

According to the theory that knowledge is justified true belief, in order to know that a given proposition is true, one must not only believe the relevant true proposition, but one must also have a good reason for doing so.

To qualify as an item of knowledge, goes the theory, a belief must not only be true and justified, the justification of the belief must necessitate its truth.

The phrase " Cogito ergo sum " ( I think, therefore I am ) is also commonly associated with Descartes ' theory, because in his own methodological doubt, doubting everything he previously knew in order to start from a blank slate, the first thing that he could not logically bring himself to doubt was his own existence: " I do not exist " would be a contradiction in terms ; the act of saying that one does not exist assumes that someone must be making the statement in the first place.

Whether a particular consequentialist theory focuses on a single good or many, conflicts and tensions between different good states of affairs are to be expected and must be adjudicated.

Ecological theory suggests that in order to coexist, species must have some level of limiting similarity — they must be different from one another in some fundamental way, otherwise one species would competitively exclude the other.

What is the history of criticism but the history of men attempting to make sense of the manifold elements in art that will not allow themselves to be reduced to a single philosophy or a single aesthetic theory??

Accordingly, it is the aim of this essay to advance a new theory of imitation ( which I shall call mimesis in order to distinguish it from earlier theories of imitation ) and a new theory of invention ( which I shall call symbol for reasons to be stated hereafter ).

To guard against the tyranny of a numerical majority, Calhoun developed his theory of `` concurrent majority '', which, he said, `` by giving to each portion of the community which may be unequally affected by the action of government, a negative on the others, prevents all partial or local legislation ''.

The Axioms required to make the theoretical machinery operate are set out tersely and powerfully, so that all permissible operations within the theory can be traced rigorously back to these axioms, rules, and primitive notions.

In his study Samuel Johnson, Joseph Wood Krutch takes this line when he says that what Aristotle really means by his theory of catharsis is that our evil passions may be so purged by the dramatic ritual that it is `` less likely that we shall indulge them through our own acts ''.

Sample areas in the new investigations were selected strictly by application of the principles of probability theory, so as to be representative of the total population of defined areas within calculable limits.

We should expect that general phonologic theory should be as adequate for tone as for consonants and vowels, but it has not been.

This can only be for one of two reasons: either the two are quite different and will require totally different theory ( and hence techniques ), or our existing theories are insufficiently general.

Thus while his theory or technique may not be oversubscribed, it is commonplace for bullish and bearish positions to become temporarily over-subscribed.

A state, the highest form of human organization in fact and theory, could be subjected to Law only by a manifestation of self-will, or consent.

In this connection, it might be noted that the theory of games was a mathematical discovery long before its uses in political science were exploited.

It appeared that the theory could be saved in one way only.

On the theory before us, such relief would be groundless, for in that suffering itself there was nothing bad at all, and hence in its nonoccurrence there would be nothing to be relieved about.

Once many significant phrases are found in theory or in recurrent practice to provide for prosodic necessity, they are not to be defended for their semantic properties in isolated contexts.

In the second-order theory, one of the normal stress differences can be calculated from the first-order stress relaxation function.

But then this theory confesses that it is completely at a loss as to how the image can possibly be received by the brain.

This theory makes it possible for any event throughout eternity to be continuously available at any moment to consciousness.

( P. 215 ) when corporate abuses were attacked, it was done on the theory that criminal penalties would be invoked rather than control.

Thus, while altruistic persons may under some circumstances be outcompeted by less altruistic persons at the individual level, according to group selection theory the opposite may occur at the group level where groups consisting of the more altruistic persons may outcompete groups consisting of the less altruistic persons.

Tylor also theorized about the origins of religious beliefs in human beings, proposing a theory of animism as the earliest stage, and noting that " religion " has many components, of which he believed the most important to be belief in supernatural beings ( as opposed to moral systems, cosmology, etc .).

The exact number and placement of Endosymbiotic theory | endosymbiotic events is currently unknown, so this diagram can be taken only as a general guide It represents the most parsimonious way of explaining the three types of endosymbiotic origins of plastids.

Chomsky argued that in order to explain language, we needed a theory like generative grammar, which not only attributed internal representations but characterized their underlying order.

The set of constructible numbers can be completely characterized in the language of field theory: the constructible numbers form the quadratic closure of the rational numbers: the smallest field extension of which is closed under square root and complex conjugation.

The forest area change may follow a pattern suggested by the forest transition ( FT ) theory, whereby at early stages in its development a country is characterized by high forest cover and low deforestation rates ( HFLD countries ).

Continuing debates about the nature of intelligence revolve on whether intelligence can be characterized by a single factor known as general intelligence, multiple factors ( e. g., Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences ), or whether it can be measured at all.

Also of note is the work of the contemporary Philosopher of Law Ronald Dworkin who has advocated a constructivist theory of jurisprudence that can be characterized as a middle path between natural law theories and positivist theories of general jurisprudence.

British political philosopher John Gray has characterized Dawkins ' memetic theory of religion as " nonsense " and " not even a theory ... the latest in a succession of ill-judged Darwinian metaphors ", comparable to Intelligent Design in its value as a science.

* Merriam-Webster: Either " of, relating to, or being an era after a modern one ", or " of, relating to, or being any of various movements in reaction to modernism that are typically characterized by a return to traditional materials and forms ( as in architecture ) or by ironic self-reference and absurdity ( as in literature )", or, finally " of, relating to, or being a theory that involves a radical reappraisal of modern assumptions about culture, identity, history, or language ".

Materials that can be characterized by classical theory of elasticity is known as linear elastic materials, even for such materials the linear relationship between stress and strain may be valid only for a certain range of strains.

Sokal wrote " Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity ", an article proposing that quantum gravity has progressive political implications, and that the " morphogenetic field " ( characterized by Sokal as " a bizarre New Age concept due to Rupert Sheldrake ") could be a cutting-edge theory of quantum gravity.

In Marxist theory, the class structure of the capitalist mode of production is characterized by the conflict between two main classes: the bourgeoisie, the capitalists who own the means of production, and the much larger proletariat ( or ' working class ') who must sell their own labour power ( See also: wage labour ).

In theory, Air controller tasks are also characterized by highly structured speech as the primary output of the controller, hence reducing the difficulty of the speech recognition task should be possible.

Hungarian intellectuals especially were not interested in the theory and preferred to assume connections with Turkic tribes, an attitude characterized by Ruhlen ( 1987 ) as due to " the wild unfettered Romanticism of the epoch ".

They defined homology and cohomology as functors equipped with natural transformations subject to certain axioms ( e. g., a weak equivalence of spaces passes to an isomorphism of homology groups ), verified that all existing ( co ) homology theories satisfied these axioms, and then proved that such an axiomatization uniquely characterized the theory.

A major result of complexity theory is that PSPACE can be characterized as all the languages recognizable by a particular interactive proof system, the one defining the class IP.

Disagreements over the goals and methods of literary criticism, which characterized both sides taken by critics during the " rise " of theory, have declined.

Neoliberalism is in the first instance a theory of political economic practices that proposes that human well-being can best be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills within an institutional framework characterized by strong private property rights, free markets and free trade.

John Harbison was a major contributor to the theory of bee culture with his development of new tools and methods that characterized the remarkable advances made in nineteenth century apicultural science.

That is, according to Quine and like-minded thinkers ( who are not usually characterized as social constructionists ) there is no single privileged explanatory framework that is closest to " the things themselves "— every theory has merit only in proportion to its explanatory power.

Moral error theory is a position characterized by its commitment to two propositions: ( i ) all moral claims are false and ( ii ) we have reason to believe that all moral claims are false.

He proposes an alternative dualistic view he calls naturalistic dualism ( but which might also be characterized by more traditional formulations such as property dualism, neutral monism, or double-aspect theory ).

Through the Middle Ages and into the Early Modern period, the theory of the Four Humours governed theorizing about nourishment on the part of doctors, herbalists and druggists: in this context, John Russell characterized Grains of Paradise, in The Boke of Nurture as hot and moist.

The " Extreme Male Brain " ( EMB ) theory proposes that individuals on the autistic spectrum are characterized by impairments in empathy due to sex differences in the brain: specifically, people with autism-spectrum conditions show an exaggerated male profile.

Although not adverse to discussion of esoteric matters of socialist theory, MR was generally characterized by an aversion to doctrinaire citations of Marxist canon in favor of the analysis of real world economic and historical trends.