This heuristic was also applied to the theory of punctuated equilibrium proposed by Niles Eldredge and Gould.

His theory of peripatric speciation ( a more precise form of allopatric speciation which he advanced ), based on his work on birds, is still considered a leading mode of speciation, and was the theoretical underpinning for the theory of punctuated equilibrium, proposed by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould.

This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the elastic-rebound theory.

Punctuated equilibrium ( also called punctuated equilibria form ) is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that most species will exhibit little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history, remaining in an extended state called stasis.

In 1972, paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould published a landmark paper developing this theory and called it punctuated equilibria.

John Wilkins and Gareth Nelson have argued that French architect Pierre Trémaux proposed an " anticipation of the theory of punctuated equilibrium of Gould and Eldredge.

Much confusion has arisen over what proponents of punctuated equilibrium actually argued, what mechanisms they advocated, how fast the punctuations were, what taxonomic scale their theory applied to, how revolutionary their claims were intended to be, and how punctuated equilibrium related to other ideas like quantum evolution, saltationism, and mass extinction.

The punctuational nature of punctuated equilibrium has engendered perhaps the most confusion over Eldredge and Gould's theory.

Thus punctuated equilibrium contradicts some of Darwin's ideas regarding the specific mechanisms of evolution, but generally accords with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Punctuated equilibrium in social theory is a method of understanding change in complex social systems, particularly how policy change and the development of conflicts seem to progress in extended periods of stasis, punctuated by sudden shifts in radical change.

Gould's most significant contribution to science was the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which he developed with Niles Eldredge in 1972.

The theory proposes that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability, which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution.

Early in his career, Gould and Niles Eldredge developed the theory of punctuated equilibrium, in which evolutionary change occurs relatively rapidly, alternating with longer periods of relative evolutionary stability.

According to Gould, punctuated equilibrium revised a key pillar " in the central logic of Darwinian theory ".

In 1972, the notion of gradualism in evolution was challenged by a theory of " punctuated equilibrium " put forward by Gould and Niles Eldredge, proposing evolutionary changes could occur in relatively rapid spurts, when selective pressures were heightened, punctuating long periods of morphological stability, as well-adapted organisms coped successfully in their respective environments.

This may be relevant to punctuated equilibrium theory, for in development a few changes to the control system could make a significant difference to the adult organism.

Neutral mutations do not affect the organism's chances of survival in its natural environment and can accumulate over time, which might result in what is known as punctuated equilibrium, the modern interpretation of classic evolutionary theory.

It has now also become associated with the evolutionary theory of punctuated equilibrium and other kinds of revolutionary change in complex systems generally, relating to innovation, organizational behavior and the management of group learning, among other fields.

The current mantle plume theory is that material and energy from Earth's interior are exchanged with the surface crust in two distinct modes: the predominant, steady state plate tectonic regime driven by upper mantle convection, and a punctuated, intermittently dominant, mantle overturn regime driven by plume convection.

The evolutionary theory of punctuated equilibrium sees infrequent ecological crises as a potential driver of rapid evolution.

He also observed evidence in support of Eldredge's and Gould's theory of punctuated equilibrium in dinosaur populations.

He studied the flora, fauna, and geology of India, Assam, and Burma, and was the first to suggest the modern evolutionary theory of punctuated equilibrium.

Apart from the commonly cited example of water turning to steam with increased temperature, Gould and Eldredge noted another analogy in information theory, " with its jargon of equilibrium, steady state, and homeostasis maintained by negative feedback ," and " extremely rapid transitions that occur with positive feedback.

Elementary demand-and-supply theory predicts equilibrium but not the speed of adjustment for changes of equilibrium due to a shift in demand or supply.

The Nash equilibrium is the traditional solution concept in game theory.

The theory of comparative advantage argues that in an unrestricted marketplace ( in equilibrium ) each source of production will tend to specialize in that activity where it has comparative ( rather than absolute ) advantage.

Hayek is widely recognized for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order.

Léon Walras, one of the founders of the neoclassical school of economics who helped formulate the general equilibrium theory, argued that free competition could only be realized under conditions of state ownership of natural resources and land.

General equilibrium theory has demonstrated, with varying degrees of mathematical rigor over time, that under certain conditions of competition, the law of supply and demand predominates in this ideal free and competitive market, influencing prices toward an equilibrium that balances the demands for the products against the supplies.

Despite this, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids.

Ricardo's theory was a predecessor of the modern theory that equilibrium prices are determined solely by production costs associated with " neo-Ricardianism ".

Significant fields of study in microeconomics include general equilibrium, markets under asymmetric information, choice under uncertainty and economic applications of game theory.

Standard theory says that, if set above the equilibrium price, more labor will be willing to be provided by workers than will be demanded by employers, creating a surplus of labor, i. e., unemployment.

Therefore, one can find an economic analysis of the market of grapes in Russia, for example, which is not a market in the strict sense of general equilibrium theory monopoly.

: This model has been used in general equilibrium theory, particularly to show existence and Pareto efficiency of economic equilibria.

In particular, Jevons saw his economics as an application and development of Jeremy Bentham's utilitarianism and never had a fully developed general equilibrium theory.

Joan Robinson's work on imperfect competition, at least, was a response to certain problems of Marshallian partial equilibrium theory highlighted by Piero Sraffa.

Anglo-American economists also responded to these problems by turning towards general equilibrium theory, developed on the European continent by Walras and Vilfredo Pareto.

These developments are reflected in neoclassical theory by the search for the occurrence in markets of the equilibrium conditions of Pareto optimality and self-sustainability.

To guard against the tyranny of a numerical majority, Calhoun developed his theory of `` concurrent majority '', which, he said, `` by giving to each portion of the community which may be unequally affected by the action of government, a negative on the others, prevents all partial or local legislation ''.

Thus, theory and doctrine applicable among the great nations and the smaller European states did not really comfortably fit less developed and less powerful societies elsewhere.

-- The theory of elasticity of Gaussian networks has been developed on a more general basis and the equations of state relating variables of pressure, volume, temperature, stress and strain have been precisely formulated.

Modern physics has developed the theory that all matter consists of minute waves of energy.

It is borne out also by the absence of any developed theory about how sin passes from one generation to the next.

Alchemists developed a framework of theory, terminology, experimental process and basic laboratory techniques that are still recognizable today.

*: The article on Whorf states " Drawing on Nietzsche's ideas of perspectivism Alfred Korzybski developed the theory of general semantics which has been compared to Whorf's notions of linguistic relativity.

This theory was developed by the British chemist and physicist John Dalton in the 18th century.

He also developed, during the Great Depression, the populist economic theory of " Direct Credits ", according to which banks are the cause of all economic woe, the oppressors of both capital and labour.

He established the consistent use of the chemical balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature which held that oxygen was an essential constituent of all acids ( which later turned out to be erroneous ).

As a framework for his coherent duality theory he also introduced derived categories, which were further developed by Verdier.

This letter and successive parts were distributed from Bangor ( see External Links below ): in an informal manner, as a kind of diary, Grothendieck explained and developed his ideas on the relationship between algebraic homotopy theory and algebraic geometry and prospects for a noncommutative theory of stacks.

International Society for Group Theory in Cognitive Science and has developed a generative theory of shape.

Bradley eventually developed the explanation of aberration in about September 1728 and his theory was presented to the Royal Society in mid January the next year.

Sir Isaac Newton was probably the discoverer of astigmation ; the position of the astigmatic image lines was determined by Thomas Young ( A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy, 1807 ); and the theory was developed by Allvar Gullstrand.

Link Grammar is both a theory of syntax and an open source parser which is now developed by the AbiWord project.

William John Macquorn Rankine and Pierre Henri Hugoniot independently developed the theory for flow properties before and after a shock wave.

Researchers at Bell developed radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, information theory, the UNIX operating system, the C programming language and the C ++ programming language.

In 1930, England captain Douglas Jardine, together with Nottinghamshire's captain Arthur Carr and his bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce, developed a variant of leg theory in which the bowlers bowled fast, short-pitched balls that would rise into the batsman's body, together with a heavily stacked ring of close fielders on the leg side.

The Big Bang theory developed from observations of the structure of the Universe and from theoretical considerations.

The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced big bang nucleosynthesis ( BBN ) and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ).

The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

Curious as to how fungi reproduced Potter began microscopic drawings of fungi spores ( the agarics ) and in 1895 developed a theory of their germination.

In 1915, Albert Einstein developed his theory of general relativity, having earlier shown that gravity does influence light's motion.